Electrochemical detection, application basic principles

A recent review of bipolar electrochemistry focuses on the basic principles of controlling solution, rather than electrode potentials, and includes many demonstrated and possible applications [12]. The potential gradient generated across the bulk solution covering the electrode arrays controls the anode-to-cathode potential difference, which drives electrochemical reactions to generate optically detectable anodic products. Various wireless bipolar electrode array configurations and applications are considered. 

This article provides some general remarks on detection requirements for FIA and related techniques and outlines the basic features of the most commonly used detection principles, including optical methods (namely, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, chemiluminescence (CL), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and atomic absorption/emission spectrometry) and electrochemical techniques such as potentiometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and stripping analysis methods. Very few flowing stream applications involve other detection techniques. In this respect, measurement of physical properties such as the refractive index, surface tension, and optical rotation, as well as the a-, //-, or y-emission of radionuclides, should be underlined. Piezoelectric quartz crystal detectors, thermal lens spectroscopy, photoacoustic spectroscopy, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and conductometric detection have also been coupled to flow systems, with notable advantages in terms of automation, precision, and sampling rate in comparison with the manual counterparts. 

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