Electro-transfer

These reactions are postulated to proceed by electro-transfer to give the radical cation of alkoxynaphtalene, which either undergoes reaction with copper(II) bromide or dimerizes (ref. 15). That is, one-electron transfer from the electron-rich alkoxynaphtalene to Cu(II) results in generation of the corresponding radical cation. The radical cation reacts with bromide anion leading to the brominated compound, whereas the radical cation undergoes reaction with another alkoxynaphtalene leading to the binaphtyl (eqns. 2-4). 

Dutton, P.L. 1978. Redox potentiometry determination of midpoint potentials of oxidation-reduction components of biological electro-transfer systems. Methods in Enzymology 54 411 135. 

Willner I, Willner B. Vectorial photoinduced electro-transfer in tailored redox-active proteins and supramolecular nanoparticle arrays. Coord Chem Rev 2003 245 139-51. 

Electro-transfer of proteins from gels to membrane filters... 

Inoue A, et al. (2005). Electro-transfer of small interfering RNA ameliorated arthritis in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 336(3) 903-908. 

Hanes CS (1932) Studies on plant amylases the effect of starch concentration upon the velocity of hydrolysis by the amylase of germinated barley. Biochem J 26 1406-1421 Harris TK, Davidson VL, Chen L et al. (1994) Ionic strength dependence of the reaction between methanol dehydrogenase and cytochrome c-55 li evidence of conformationally coupled electro transfer. Biochemistry 33 12600-12608... 

Metal ions could play an important role in many electro transferring systems, which was frequently used as super acid catalyst and had directional function. Thus, metal ions were introduced into analogue enzyme model in order to increase its catalyzing efficiency. The earliest CD and metal complex was carboxypeptidase... 

Figure 2 Western blot transfer sandwich assembly for wet transfer (top) and the preparation for transfer using the Mini-Trans-blot apparatus (bottom). The transfer membrane is sandwiched between the gel, filter papers, and support pad, with the transfer membrane facing the anode. The cassette containing the assembled gel-membrane sandwich is inserted into the Trans-blot apparatus containing cold transfer buffer, and the electro-transfer carried out. (Adapted from Bio-Rad Instruction manual.)...

Both universal staining procedures and specific detection techniques can be performed after (electro) transfer or (electro)blotting of proteins (also called Western blotting) from the gel matrix (which sometimes hinders protein analysis) to a nitrocellulose or polyvinylidenedifluoride membrane, to which they are bound and immobilized. On the membrane, protein molecules are faster and better accessible for the interactions with the applied specific antibodies. The antigen-antibody complexes are visualized by a second antibody (against the first antibody) with an attached enzyme label, which catalyzes the color reaction in the place of the protein zone. 

For a detailed discussion of all electro-transfer mechanisms in molecules you may consult standard textbooks on molecular spectroscopy, such as Hollas (2003). 

The transfer procedure described here has been nsed with tank-based electro-transfer apparatuses such as the Bio-Rad Mini Transblot Electrophoretic Transfer Cell. Other systems will require different arrangements, buffers, and quantities, but almost all will retain the basic features of the methods described here— namely, direct contact of the gel with a nitrocellulose membrane, followed by electrophoretic transfer of proteins from the gel to the membrane. 

Separation and purification of the protein via SDS-PAGE and electro-transfer of immunoglobuhns onto an inert PVDF membrane... 

Separation and Purification of IgC via SD5-PACE (SD5 Polyacrylaniide Cel Electrophoresis) and Electro-Transfer of Immunoglobulins onto an Inert PVDF Membrane . 

PSQ, 0.1 j,m pore size, Millipore, USA) and enclosed in a Western Blot cassette. After electro-transfer, the protein on the membrane is stained with a 0.1% Coomassie Brilliant Blue solution. The membrane is washed several times to remove residues from the SDS gel electrophoresis. The completeness of the transfer can be checked by staining the gel in the Coomassie Brilliant Blue solution. A detailed description of this procedure can be found in [369, 370). 

After PAGE electrophoretic separation, protein bands can be transferred to an activated thin support membrane, generally nitrocellulose membrane, by electro-transfer techniques. 

Electro Transfer Effects aad Mechaiism of Membrane Potential... 

---