Electro-, Mechano-, and Magneto-Freezing

External electric fields affect the freezing of water. For example, the rate of ice nucleation from vapor phase substantially increases from the normal growth rate in electric fields above 10 Vm [18]. 

Freezing temperature of water is also altered by the electric fields within narrow cracks at the hydrophobic faces of a-amino acid single crystals [20]. Ice forms between the STM tip and the substrate [21], and water bridge forms between two beakers [22] under the field of 10 Vm though MD calculations [23, 24] predict that a strong electric fields strong ( 10 V m ) can align the water dipoles and crystallize liquid water into polar cubic ice. A MD calculation revealed that, see Fig. 42.2, the of the monolayer ice decreases when the external electric field across increases to the level of 10 Vm [25]. 

There are two different perspectives on the forces equilibrating the bridge. One is the tension along the bridge caused by the electric field within the dielectric material [31] and the other is the surface tension [32]. The latter indicates that the electric field only avoids the breakup of the bridge into small droplets and maintains stabihty. 

The tension due to the electric field in a dielectric medium follows this relation [31]  

The Tja is proportional to the H-O energy. How the electric, the magnetic, and the mechanical field mediate the H-O bond energy could be the key to these issues. The electric and magnetic field effects only on the electrons that may align in their own manner, and hence, the applied field modulates the H-O interaction. The electric [19, 21, 23-25, 39] and magnetic [33] fields can also modulate the Coulomb repulsion force. 

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