Electrically conducting oxides

Boron nitride, in view of its unique properties, namely absence of electrical conductivity, oxidation resistance, optical transparency, and high neutron capture cross-section for special applications, offers advantages over other ceramics. Thus, for the... 

Water analysis parameters such as pH, electric conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential and temperature were measured in the field. Ionic chromatography, turbidimetry and ICP-OES were used for anions and metals. 

Besides varying the shapes of silica sols, the functions of silica sols will be varied in the future. Examples include a sol that gives a film with a high refractive index made up of a composite of silica and titanium oxide a conductive silica sol whose surface is covered with an electrically conductive oxide or metal and a porous silica sol that is made from ethyl silicate as the raw material. 

Anodic corrosion of the niobium basket that supports the fuel is inhibited by an electrically conducting oxide film, which forms on the niobium. 

Rolison, D. R. Dunn, B., Electrically Conductive Oxide Aerogels New Materials in Electrochemistry, J. Mater. Chem. 2001, 11, 963-980. 

RoUson, D. and B. Dunn, Electrically conductive oxide aerogels New materials in electrochemistry. J. Mater. Chem. 2001,11, 963. 

These IMPs of technical alloys, which are covered by electric conducting oxides, act as local cathodes for the oxygen reduction process in the tail (Fig. 36a-c). 

Abbreviated chemical analysis. These analyses can give a general outline of the chemical condition of the water, e.g. temperature of the water, appearance, pH value, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, "water hardness", iron and manganese, nitrogen compounds, chloride, sulphate, oxidizability. 

Analysis of the water for irrigation purposes. The following are important pH, electrical conductivity, oxidation reduction potential, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, chloride, sulphate, nitrogen... 

Electrical conductivity Oxidation reduction potential Oxygen content... 

When a similar cell is made of iron electrodes instead of platinum, an adherent, electrically conducting oxide of iron forms at cathodic areas when in contact with aerated solution, this oxide acts as an oxygen electrode. But at anodic areas, Fe + forms, and the electrode acts as an iron electrode (( )° = -0.440 V). The operating emf of such a cell is much larger than that of the cell made up of platinum electrodes, with the value being given by... 

Electrical conductivity Oxidation or reduction on Ag/Pt/Au/ glassy carhon and carhon paste electrodes... 

MOSSBAUER STUDY OF NEW ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE OXIDE GLASS... 

The electrochemical cell, as shown schematically in Fig. 1, consists of gas-tight ceramic electrolyse in the form of tubes, discs, planar substrates, or thick films which is sandwiched by precious metal like platinum or silver as electrodes. Both electrodes are in close contact with two separate gas compartments. Such cells often modified by other electrode materials like electric conducting oxides (chromites, manganites) are commonly used as gas sensors, fuel cells, and electrolysis cells. Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ Zro.84To.i6< i.92) as oxide ionic conductor is widely used as an electrolyte. 

From the materials design point of view for those electrical conductive oxides which are stable under an oxygen potential gradient, oxide intercoimects and coating materials for alloys are quite similar. From the fabrication method, however, there are several differences. Inexpensive sintering process can be applied for oxide interconnects, whereas high-temperature heat treatment is limited for coating. The low-pressure plasma splay technique was successfully adopted to form dense films however, from the cost point of view, this is not appropriate. The atmospheric pressure plasma splay is more cost effective, but the quality of fabricated films is not excellent. 

Confirmation of ionic conduction in the electrically conductive oxides can be made in different ways. One of the most convenient methods is to examine the electromotive force (em/) of an electrochemical oxygen concentration cell ... 

This systematic study led to an optimised steel composition - at laboratory scale - with small additions of Mn, La, and Ti but without any Al and Si. This steel forms the desired thin arid electrically conductive oxide scales [55, 56], good contact resistances with ceramic coatings [57] (Figure 7.7), and reduced permeability for volatile chromium species [58]. 

The major problem with direct electrocatalytic oxidation of the hydrocarbon fuel at the anode is the marked tendency towards carbon deposition via hydrocarbon decomposition (Eqs. (1) and (2)). It is extremely difficult to avoid carbon deposition in the absence of a co-fed oxidant. However, some recent studies have reported anodes which show considerable promise for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons [29,68,69]. The conditions under which these anodes can be used may present problems for their widespread application, whilst their long-term durability with respect to carbon deposition must be established. Electrically conducting oxides have also been proposed in recent years as having potential for use as anodes for the direct electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrocarbons [67.70,74]. 

Electrically conducting oxide materials have been investigated as potential anode materials. One of the main attractions of such materials is their resistance to carbon deposition compared to nickel cermet anodes under direct reforming conditions [67,70,74,79,80]. Rhodium, platinum and ruthenium have also... 

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