Electrical transportation

Back-diffusion is the transport of co-ions, and an equivalent number of counterions, under the influence of the concentration gradients developed between enriched and depleted compartments during ED. Such back-diffusion counteracts the electrical transport of ions and hence causes a decrease in process efficiency. Back-diffusion depends on the concentration difference across the membrane and the selectivity of the membrane the greater the concentration difference and the lower the selectivity, the greater the back-diffusion. Designers of ED apparatus, therefore, try to minimize concentration differences across membranes and utilize highly selective membranes. Back-diffusion between sodium chloride solutions of zero and one normal is generally [Pg.173]

Lamb, W., Wood, D. M. and Ashcroft, N. W., Electrical transport and optical properties of inhomogeneous media, AlP conference, J. C. Garlard and D. B. Tanner, Ohio State University, 1977. 

Thin Films of Electroluminescent Polymers 335 Electronic Eneigy Structure 336 Optical Properties 336 Electrical Transport Properties 338... 

It is difficult to measure metal/polymer Schottky energy barriers smaller than about 0.5 eV using internal pholoemission. Small Schotiky energy barriers lead to thermal emission currents produced by the absorption of light in the metal which are difficult to separate from true photocurrents 134]. If the structure is cooled to try to improve this contrast, it is often found that the significant decrease in the electrical transport properties of the polymer [27 [ makes it difficult to measure the internal photoemission current. To overcome this limitation, internal photoemission and built-in potential measurements are combined to measure small Schottky energy barriers, as described below. 

Gurland JC, Tanner DB (eds) (1978) Electrical Transport and Optical Properties of Inhomogeneous Media AIP, New York... 

At microwave frequencies (a>), electric transport in materials (including interfaces) is determined by the dielectric function... 

Electric transport, and materials, at microwave frequencies, 438 parameters of cadmium, an aqueous solution, 105,106 Electrical double layer... 

Microwave frequencies and electric transport, 438 electrochemical measurements with, 441-419... 

Bratko, D., Dolar, D., Godec, A. Span, J. (1983). Electric transport in poly(styrenesulfonate) solutions. Makromolekulare Chemie Rapid Communications, 4, 697-701. 

To study the electrical transport properties of this double-barrier system Pd nanoclusters have been trapped in this gap. Figure 14 shows a typical l(U) curve. The most pronounced feature at 4.2 K is the Coulomb gap at a voltage of about 55 mV, which disappears at 295 K. Above the gap voltage, the l(U) curve is not linear, but increases exponentially, which was explained by a suppression of the effective tunnel barrier by the applied voltage. 

In the previous chapters, examples of ID arrays of nanoclusters have been given, where self-assembly or ET were used to address the arrays for electrical transport measurements. So far it is evident that these methods did not lead to strictly ID defect-free arrangements. Furthermore, inherent disorder cannot be avoided. This means that the electrical transport properties through a perfect array could only be studies theoretically up to now. 

K. C. Kao and W. Hwang, Electrical Transport in Solids with Partial Reference to Organic Semiconductors, Pergamon, Oxford, 1981. 

D. Porath, A. Bezryadin, S. de Vries, and C. Dekker, Direct measurements of electrical transport through DNA molecules. Nature 403, 635-637 (2000). 

Ventra MD (2008) Electrical transport in nanoscale systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge... 

Palacios JJ, Perez-Jimenez AJ, Louis E, SanFabian E, Verges JA (2002) First-principles approach to electrical transport in atomic-scale nanostructures. Phys Rev B 66(3) 035322... 

Heurich J, Cuevas JC, Wenzel W, Schon G (2002) Electrical transport through singlemolecule junctions from molecular orbitals to conduction channels. Phys Rev Lett 88 (25) 256803... 

Shpaisman FI, Salomon E, Nesher G, Vilan A, Cohen H, Kahn A, Cahen D (2009) Electrical transport and photoemission experiments of alkylphosphonate monolayers on GaAs. J Phys ChemC 113 3313-3321... 

Xue Y, Ratner MA (2003) Microscopic study of electrical transport through individual molecules with metallic contacts. I. Band lineup, voltage drop, and high-field transport. Phys Rev B 68 115406-115418... 

Remade F, Levine RD (2006) Electrical transport in saturated and conjugated molecular wires. Faraday Discuss 131 45... 

Figure 11.2. Nanowire electronic and optical properties, (a) Schematic of an NW-FET used to characterize electrical transport properties of individual NWs. (inset) SEM image of an NW-FET two metal electrodes, which correspond to source and drain, are visible at the left and right sides of the image, (b) Current versus voltage for an n-type InP NW-FET. The numbers inside the plot indicate the corresponding gate voltages (Vg). The inset shows current versus Vg for Fsd of 0.1 V. (c) Real-color photoluminescence image of various NWs shows different color emissions, (d) Spectra of individual NW photoluminescence. All NW materials show a clean band-edge emission spectrum with narrow FWHM around 20nm. (See color insert.)...

---