Electrical neutrality condition

Each additional samaria formula unit creates one oxygen vacancy. The concentration of the vacancies is given by the electrical neutrality condition, 2[Sm Ce] = [V0 inferring that the vacancy concentration is linearly dependent on the dopant level. The ionic conductivity, a, can be calculated by... 

The electrical neutrality condition constrains the two site fractions ... 

For the regime in which the dominant charged defects are the oxidation-induced cation vacancies and their associated holes, the electrical neutrality condition is... 

The asymptotic ion densities satisfy the electrical neutrality condition JT riiZi(oo) = n(oo). The model developed by Stewart and Pyatt [58] was very general and limiting cases of the Debye screening model, and also that due to strongly coupled plasma, follow as special cases. 

In the interfacial turbulences in solvent extraction, the phase-boundary potential has not been considered to be a major player, probably because no net electric current flows across the interface in conventional extraction experiments. It seems, however, that the electrochemical instability established through the study of voltammetry of ion transfer can explain salient features of the turbulences in such electrically neutral conditions, using the phase-boundary potential as the key parameter, as is the case of the theoretical understanding of the ion-pair extraction from the viewpoint of electrochemistry of ion transfer where the phase-boundary potential plays a pivotal role [16,17]. 

The manganese cluster remains electrically neutral through the S-state cycle, rather than accumulating positive charges. Since the process operates in a low dielectric medium, this satisfies the virtual requirement that the reactions occur under electrically neutral conditions ... 

Here and u are the numbers of positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) obtained from the dissociation of one electrolyte molecule, and z+ and z are the charges of the ions in units of charge of a proton (i.e., z+ and z- are the valences of the ions). For an electrically neutral salt, u, z+, and z are related by the charge conse rvation (or electrical neutrality) condition that... 

Second, the sum of effective charges on the left-hand side of any reaction equation must be the same as that on the right-hand side. Accordingly, an overall electrical neutrality condition is maintained in the sample. 

On the other hand, the electrical neutrality condition gives... 

Moreover, the diffusion coefficient of each ion is different according to Eq. (2). However, in practice, the ion balance does not collapse because of diffusion the mass exists maintaining electric neutrality at all times. Thus, the mutual interaction between the electric ions can be expressed by the diffusion coefficient by assuming that the pore solution always maintains its electrically neutral condition. The electric mobility m, in this case is given by Eq. (3 This enables the mass transfer considering the mutual electric interaction of each ion to be treated within the law of conservation of mass ofEq. (1). 

If the molar concentration of electrolyte is c, the ionic concentration is c, = avjC, where a is the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte, v, the stoichiometric number and z. the charges of ions. The electric neutrality condition holds, that... 

The number of independent components is the difference between the number of components in the system and the number of independent transformations - i.e. the dimension of the vector space of the balance equations. This number must be decreased by 1 in the case of the presence of ions, due to the electrical neutrality condition, and decreased by 1 in the case of the species belonging to a solid phase if the condition of conservation of the crystallographic sites is imposed. 

This equation is the ELECTRICAL NEUTRALITY CONDITION for the solution. 

Note that a conservation condition includes the concentrations of only those species which contain the atom or group being conserved. Equation (19) says that the total concentration of NH3 in solution, whether in the form of NH3 or of NH4+, is 0.20 mole/liter. Other concentrations have no business in this equation [NH3] -F [NH4+] + [H+] -F [OH"] = 0,20 is incorrect. Note also that the electrical neutrality condition involves only ions, not uncharged molecules. 

Definitions. Define and illustrate briefly (a) pH, (b) acidic solution, (c) basic solution, (d) conservation condition, (e) electrical neutrality condition, (f) common-ion efiect, (g) bufiFer solution, (h) solubility product. 

In chemical equilibria, the electric neutrality condition is always vahd. If an acid or a base is added to an aqueous solution, either the concentration of or that of OH is increased. As a result, ionic conductivity increases strongly. In solids, similarly, the dopant amplifies the concentration of either holes h or mobile electrons e. Again, the product of both concentrations is a constant, as given in Eq. (2.2). Also, the electric neutrality condition is valid ... 

A = [H ] FiFjF3 +[H"f KjFjFj +[H"]K,K2F3 +K K2K3 where the electrical neutrality condition is given by... 

Along with the local electric neutrality condition, where SCYb is taken as an example and oxygen vacancy, proton, and hole are included ... 

V represents the oxygen vacancy created for every 2M atoms incorporated into the lattice. The vacancy concentration follows the electrical neutrality condition ... 

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