Electrical force electromagnetic

The principle of a circular accelerator is that forces from properly arranged electromagnets cause the charged particles of the beam to move in circles, while properly arranged electrical forces boost the energ r of the particles each time they go around. The radius of the circle depends on the mass and speed of... 

The macroscale behaviour of high specific surface particulate minerals is directly related to microscale interparticle electrical forces, thus, the physical interpretation of electromagnetic wave parameters allows inferring important properties about these materials. Furthermore, the properties of high specific surface particulate materials are environmentally dependent, hence, they are difficult to determine without altering them in the measurement process. In... 

Electroseparation is defined as the use of electricity or electromagnetic fields to produce and enhance chemical or physical separation [2]. Tsouris and DePaoli [3,4] have presented brief reviews of this topic. Essentially the electrical potential applied between two electrodes is used to promote physical or chemical processes that are not favorable or are too slow under nonelectric process conditions. In the past few decades, scientists have tried to combine the advantages of both electrical and membrane processes. Electrodes with the porosity of a membrane (i.e., electromembranes) offer an advantage in terms of contact pollutants that are forced through the pores of an electromembrane are more likely to be adsorbed, decomposed, oxidized, or reduced than when passing along the relatively low surface area of a dense electrode. 

Ambient air flow or forced convection can also be a source of energy for distributed environmental sensors or similar autonomous devices exposed to a flow. The airflow can induce the rotation of a microturbine (similar to large-scale wind mills) or the oscillation of a structure. This mechanical energy can then be converted to electricity by electromagnetic, piezoelectric, or electrostatic principles. 

Additional forces accompany particle displacements in piezoelectric solids due to the fact that macroscopic charge separation (polarization) occurs within the solid. Such charge separation results in the establishment of electrical field gradients in the material. The application of electric fields across the boundaries of a piezoelectric crystal always results in the creation of particle displacement and strains, so the effect is reversible. To account for these additional interactions, strain and its electromagnetic analogue electric displacement, D, can be equated to the stress and electrical forces acting on a solid particle via the following equations ... 

Hartmann number, Ha L characteristic length B characteristic magnetic flux density Oe electric conductivity (electromagnetic force) viscous force ... 

Instabilities caused by the flow of matter have been known for a long time and their study constitutes a central task of hydrodynamics and its applications [1], The driving force of these instabilities are the spatial gradients of the flow velocity field when spatially separated elements are in relative motion, they exert destabilizing mechanical, electrical or electromagnetic forces on each other. The hydrodynamic system may be just a single species which is often simply referred to as matter or fluid , regardless of its chemical nature. Perhaps the simplest example of a hydrodynamic instability is the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of in viscid shear flow [1]. 

To this point, we have considered only the radiation field. We now turn to the interaction between the matter and the field. According to classical electromagnetic theory, the force on a particle with charge e due to the electric and magnetic fields is... 

In addition, there could be a mechanical or electromagnetic interaction of a system with an external entity which may do work on an otherwise isolated system. Such a contact with a work source can be represented by the Hamiltonian U p, q, x) where x is the coordinate (for example, the position of a piston in a box containing a gas, or the magnetic moment if an external magnetic field is present, or the electric dipole moment in the presence of an external electric field) describing the interaction between the system and the external work source. Then the force, canonically conjugate to x, which the system exerts on the outside world is... 

Metal contained in the channel is subjected to forces that result from the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the electric current in the channel. These inward forces produce a circulation that is generally perpendicular to the length of the channel. It has been found that shaping the channels of a twin coil inductor shown in Figure 10 produces a longitudinal flow within the channel and significantly reduces the temperature difference between the channel and the hearth (12). 

Electromagnetic Force When the fluid is an electrical conductor, as is the case with molten metals, it is possible to impress an electromagnetic field around the fluid conduit in such a way that a driving force that will cause flow is created. Such pumps have been developed for the handling of heat-transfer hquids, especially for nuclear reactors. 

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