Electrical conductivity, effect

Trace elements added to copper exert a significant influence on electrical conductivity. Effects on conductivity vary because of inherent differences ia effective atomic size and valency. The decrease ia conductivity produced by those elements appearing commonly ia copper, at a fixed atomic concentration, rank as follows Zn (least detrimental), Ag, Mg, Al, Ni, Si, Sn, P, Fe (most). Table 12 summarizes these effects. In the absence of chemical or physical interactions, the increase in electrical resistivity is linear with amounts of each element, and the effect of multiatom additions is additive. 

Table 12. Solubility Limits and Electrical Conductivity Effects of Elemental Additions to Copper ...

Given the complications of strongly nonlinear mechanical and electrical behaviors in a strongly coupled mode along with electrical conduction effects, it is not difficult to appreciate why the physical processes are poorly understood. 

Calculation of the effective transport properties thermal or electrical conductivity, effective diffusivity, and permeability—as a function of the... 

Modeling Crossover Losses There are several approaches used to empirically, semiem-pirically, or analytically account for the noted OCV deviation caused by internal currents or reactant crossover. For electrical conductivity effects, if the transference number (r,) is known, it is a simple matter to add this effect to the performance deviation, since it can be modeled as a short circuit in parallel with the external current, whose resistance is... 

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