Electrical conductance of sulfuric acid

Figures 5 and 6 present the electrical conductivity of sulfuric acid solutions (51,52). For sulfuric acid solutions in the 90—100% H2SO concentration range, the electrical conductivity measurements reported by Reference 52 are beheved to be the best values other conductivity data are also available...

Table 3.4 provides data about the specific and equivalent electrical conductivities of sulfuric acid solutions of various concentrations, expressed in different units [2]. 

Total acidity and total chlorides can be deterrnined by conventional techniques after hydrolysing a sample. Satisfactory procedures for determining hydrogen chloride and free-sulfiir trioxide are described in the Hterature (18,41). Small amounts of both hydrogen chloride and sulfur trioxide can be found in the same sample because of the equiUbrium nature of the Hquid. Procedures for the direct deterrnination of pyrosulfuryl chloride have also been described (42,43), but are not generally required for routine analysis. Small concentrations of sulfuric acid can be deterrnined by electrical conductivity. 

As a solution of barium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of sulfuric acid, a white precipitate forms and the electrical conductivity decreases markedly. Write equations for the reactions that occur and account for the conductivity change. 

The impure copper is used as the anode and is typically lm square, 35-50 mm thick and 330 kg in weight. The cathode is a 1 mm thick sheet and weighs about 5 kg it is made from very pure copper. Because copper is itself involved in the electrolytic process, the copper cathode is known as an active electrode. The electrolyte is a solution of copper(n) sulfate (0.3 mol dm-3) acidified with a 2 mol dm-3 solution of sulfuric acid to help the solution conduct electricity (Figure 5.17). 

Fig. A.5. Electrical conductivity versus mass% H2SO4 in sulfuric acid. Source Roughton, J.E. (1951) The electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid from 25°C to 155°C, J. Appl. Chem.,1, Supplementary Issue, No. 2., 141 144.

A lead storage battery is not a dry cell because it contains several connected cells filled with an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid, which serves as the electrolyte. The electrodes are alternating plates of lead metal and lead(lV) oxide. The case surrounding the battery is hard plastic. It holds the cells in place and acts as an insulator because it does not conduct electricity itself. This helps keep the electricity inside the battery. 

Ionic systems, such as water solutions of NaCl, CuS04, K2Cr04, and Ca(NOs)2 and solutions of sulfuric acid in ethyl alcohol, were among the objects of Johnson s experiments (I) that led him to conclude that there exists equilibrium electrical noise of a universal nature that manifests thermal motion of charged particles in conductors on a macroscopic level. Independently of a particular conductivity mechanism, the voltage spectral density, Sv(/), of this noise can be calculated from the real part of the system... 

The earliest example of using an acid-processing route was reported by Andreatta and coworkers [54,55] in which polyaniline fibers were prepared from a 20 wt% solution of polyanOine dissolved in 96% sulfuric acid. The concentrated polyaniline solution was extruded at 60°C, and dry-jet wet-spun into chilled water. The electrical conductivity of the as-spun polyaniline fibers was determined to be in the range from 20 to 60 S/cm and fibers displayed sharp x-ray reflections, which indicates a significant degree of crystallinity. 

Since various sulfuric acid concentrations were used in the study, a method to normalize its effect was developed. Conductivity ratio was calculated using equation 2 to mitigate the effect of sulfuric acid conductivity. The conductivity ratio is simply the ratio of the measured electrical conductivity of the agglomerate bed divided by the conductivity of the sulfuric acid solution used during agglomeration. 

Electrical conductivity of agglomerates was affected by the acid concentration, solution volume, compaction, and nature of the ores. The sulfuric acid concentration and moisture content had strong effects on electrical conductivity of the nickel laterite agglomerates. The electrical conductivity of nickel laterite agglomerates followed a similar trend as the electrical conductivity... 

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