Electric power supply energy efficiency

Energy efficiency = Power dissipated in the liquid/Electric power supplied to the system... 

Scale up most ICP actuators have been produced in relatively thin films usually 10-20 mm in length and 5-10 mm wide. While the stresses and strains produced are impressive, the actual forces and displacements are small. Large scale applications (e.g. in humanoid robots) will require tens of millimetres in displacement and tens of Newtons in force. Parallel and serial assemblies of ICP actuators are required to deliver these performances. Considering the low energy conversion efficiency of ICPs, the electrical power supply for such large actuators will be a serious limitation. 

There are a variety of electrochemical systems around us, and it is assumed that there will be more systems developed in the future to efficiently convert and store energy. Traditionally, an electrochemical system can also be called electrochemical cell. A typical electrochemical cell consists of at least (1) electrodes, (2) electrolyte, and (3) outer circuit. The cell shown in Figure 2.1 is the electrochemical cell that produces chemicals, Cu(s) and Cl2(g), using electric energy from an electric power supply (e.g., a battery). This electrochemical system is called an electrolytic cell (EC), and the process taken place in the cell is electrolysis. 

Electrical power output Heat output (normal load) (with supplementary firing) Gas fuel energy supply Thermal efficiency... 

By 2050 renewables supply a third of the world s primary energy and most incremental energy. These are major increases in renewable energy and energy efficiency. Today, renewables supply about 13% of the world s energy, but in the U.S. renewables now only provide less than 1% of electric power generation. 

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