Electric mopeds

The electric drive is selected among those commercially available for applications on electric mopeds. In particular, a brushless electric drive with a rated power of 3.5 kW and maximum speed of 6000 rpm is used. The technical spec-ihcations of this electrical drive are reported in Table 6.2, while the Fig. 6.3 shows its characteristic curves in terms of power and torque versus revolution speed. 

In particular. the R47 cycle (Fig. 6.21a) is imposed by European legislation for exhaust emission measurements of mopeds powered by internal combustion engine, and here is used in absence of specific legislation regarding electrical mopeds. The R47 cycle requires the maximum power in the initial phase up to the maximum speed (6000 rpm), then a period of constant speed of 50 s at maximum speed, a fast deceleration up to 2400 rpm, a second period of constant speed, a final deceleration up to zero speed. The R40 cycle (Fig. 6.21b) comprises three phases, the first two characterized by acceleration, constant speed (1500 and 3200 rpm) and deceleration steps, while the last one presents two steps at constant speed (5000 and 3500 rpm), before returning to zero speed. 

Lead acid battery was invented in 1859 by Gaston Plante, and has been widely used throughout the world for more than 150 years [1], At present, all automobiles are equipped with one or more lead-acid battery. As for industrial application, lead-acid batteries have served as a backup for telecommunication system, office, and medical emergency power supply equipment [2]. Those are also used as traction battery for the electric forklifts [3]. In addition, those are used for electric moped in China and Asian area in recent years. In such ways, lead-acid batteries have become an inseparable device for our life. 

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