Electric double layer electrochemical gradient

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome 438 Eicosanoid 565 Eigen, Manfred 84 Elastase 66,609,610,611s cryoenzymology 616 P-cylinder in 78 Elastic fibers 436 Elastin 15,72,436 Electrical double layer 400 Electric field jump methods 468 Electrochemical gradient 410 Electrochemical transference 311 Electrode(s)... 

To study the effects of electrochemical properties on passive ion transport processes, we developed a model that focuses on ionic processes at membrane and channel surfaces (14). The surface compartment model (SCM) is based on a Helmholtz electrical double layer, where the enhanced concentration of counterions and the depletion of co-ions at charged surfaces is described by straight line gradients. Treatment of the electrical double layer as a compartment greatly simplifies the calculation of ion transport. 

Another difference between an electrochemical reaction and a catalytic reaction is that a so-called electrical double layer will form as the appearance of electrostatic potential gradient in the interface of electrolyte solution and electrode (conductor). Graham summarized in more detail the electrical double layer in 1947. He considered that this electrostatic potential, i.e. the double layer potential, is different from the electrode potential. He also discussed and observed in detail the double layer potential of Hg-electrode-water solution system. He found that it could not observe such potential when electrode reaction occurred while the ideal polarization happened in a wide range of electrode potential if there was no electrode reaction. Hg is a liquid and it is thus easy to observe its surface tension and calculate the relationship between surface tension and double layer potential. Therefore, its structure is clearer. The structure of electrical double layer is composed of Helmholz layer and diffusion layer. The Helmohloz face is located between Helmholz layer and diffusion layer. The external of Helmohloz face is diffusion double layer. The model of Helmholz electrical double layer corresponds to simple parallel-plate capacitor. According to its equation, it can quantitatively describe the structure of diffusion double layer. 

The formation of 2D Meads phases on a foreign substrate, S, in the underpotential range can be well described considering the substrate-electrolyte interface as an ideally polarizable electrode as shown in Section 8.2. In this case, only sorption processes of electrolyte constituents, but no Faradaic redox reactions or Me-S alloy formation processes are allowed to occur, The electrochemical double layer at the interface can be thermodynamically considered as a separate interphase [3.54, 3.212, 3.213]. This interphase comprises regions of the substrate and of the electrolyte with gradients of intensive system parameters such as chemical potentials of ions and electrons, electric potentials, etc., and contains all adsorbates and all surface energy. Furthermore, it is assumed that the chemical potential //Meads is a definite function of the Meads surface concentration, F, and the electrode potential, E, at constant temperature and pressure Meads (7", ). Such a model system can only be... 

EOD is based on the electrically induced flow (namely, electro-osmosis) of water trapped between the clay particles (Fig. 2). Such electrically induced flow is possible because of the presence of the electrochemical double layer at the clay/water interface in this double layer (Fig. 2), the charges on the clay surface are electrically balanced by the opposite charges in the water this water is actually an electrolyte because of the presence of some salts, hydronium or hydroxyl ions, etc. The structure and potential gradients of such a double layer are shown in Fig. 3 by analogy with a metal/electrolyte interface. 

The electrochemical reactions and the migration of ions introduce the electric potential as a dependent variable. The electric potential is usually treated with two independent variables and a discontinuity is introduced to avoid the sharp gradients in the charged double layer between the electronic and ionic conductor. Charge and current balances give the equations for the... 

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