Effluents monitoring

For both airborne and hquid effluents, the following three types of measurements should be considered  

The choice of sampling method and measurement procedures should depend on  

Noble gas monitoring. There are a number of systems for noble gas monitoring. In the most frequently used system, the air is filtered (to remove vapour and particles) and then passed through a large volume shielded chamber with a sensitive gamma or beta detector inside. The filtered gas may also be passed directly through an ionization chamber or a proportional counter. These systems should be calibrated with known concentrations of suitable radionuclides. 

Particulate monitoring. Particulate activity is assessed by drawing air through an appropriate filter and measuring the activity on the filter. These systems may use either fixed or moving filter papers. The radionuchdes deposited on the filter should be routinely identified to enable an assessment of the source of the activity and the potential for reducing the release. 

Monitoring of special radionuclides. Depending on the reactor type, the reactor power or installed experiments, the potential for release of other radionuclides, such as tritium and halogens, should also be considered, as follows  

Equipment is required to be provided to monitor and record all discharges of radioactive liquid and gaseous effluents to the environment [1]. In addition, equipment should be provided to monitor systems that may contribute large fractions of the overall releases of the plant. In water cooled reactors, monitoring of the following systems should be provided where applicable  

In addition, in direct cycle reactors, provision should be made for monitoring of the condenser air removal system. In PWRs this is also useful for the detection of ruptures of steam generator tubes. In gas cooled reactors, provision should be made to sample and monitor all operational discharges of the reactor coolant. 

The equipment for effluent monitoring should be capable of determining the total activity and the nuchde composition of the discharge. This may be done by on-Une measurements and laboratory analysis. Guidance on monitoring of effluents is provided in Ref. [19]. 

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PNL. 2000. Hanford site environmental report for calendar year 1994. Air surveillance, airborne radionuclide concentrations in the Hanford Environs, 1994 compared to values from the previous 5 years. Facility Effluent Monitoring. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, http //www.pnl/gov/. December 12, 2000. 

Column Hypersil Pep5-C18 (4.6 x 150mm) solvent A 0.06% aqueous TFA solvent B 0.06% TFA in 90% aqueous acetonitrile flow rate 1.20mL min x effluent monitored at 220 nm. 

C.2. Mass Spectrometry. Like optical emission spectroscopy, mass spectrometry offers the ability to fingerprint and identify individual species in a plasma discharge or products in the effluent from a plasma reactor. Its most common application is the latter, and a diagram for effluent monitoring by... 

C. Coffey, A. Predoehl, D.S. Walker, Dryer effluent monitoring in a chemical pilot plant via fiber-optic near-infrared spectroscopy, Appl. Spectrosc., 52(5), 717-724 (1998). 

System effluent monitoring 5,200 52 samples at SlOO/sample... 

For another nearby site, an estimate was prepared to determine the cost of using PIMS technology in three 1000-gal holding tanks. Each unit would hold approximately 4000 of apatite. Other factors included in the estimate are 13,000 for effluent monitoring, 12,000 for tank costs, 14,000 for emplacement costs, for a total cost of 43,000 (D17996I, p. 8). 

Fig. 15.2 A two-dimensional GC (GCxGC) system. D1 intermediate effluent monitor detector, column 1 high-capacity precolumn, column 2 high-resolution capillary or chiral column...

The analytical separation was obtained at low flow velocity (0.2 cm/sec) and in the isocratic mode to optimize resolution. Absorbance detectors set at 245 and 280nm respectively, were used in series for effluent monitoring. 215nm detection, though optimum for the cannabinoids, was precluded due to co-elution of en-... 

Statistical methods frequently employed in effluent toxicity evaluations include point estimation technique such as probit analysis, and hypothesis testing like Dunnett s analysis of variance (anova). Point estimation technique enables the investigator to derive a quantitative dose-response relationship. This method has been generally applied to statistical analyses of acute effluent monitoring data. 

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