Efficiency networks

The initial drying of currently applied alkyd paints is accomplished by evaporation of solvent (physical drying). Subsequently, the eventual curing of the alkyd paint is completed by the formation of a polymer network, which is mainly formed by chemical crosslinks (oxidative drying) but in some cases also physical interactions between the fatty acid side chains occur, such as crystallization or proton-bridge formation [129]. Efficient network formation is crucial in the formation of dry films with good mechanical properties. Due to the presence of unsaturated units in the investigated LOFA- and TOFA-PHA bin-... 

If a special institution is not established, appropriate resources should be made available for management of legislation, e.g. through efficient networking between... 

Within the entire workflow described above the standardization of sample preparation [implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs)], analyzing procedures and data handling will assure the comparability of results within the network as well as with results outside the consortium. Thus, the standardization is essential for efficient networking. 

Competition drives the emergence of natural selection. Such behavior appears to be inevitable in any self-replicating chemical system in which resources are limited and some molecules have the ability to mutate. Over time, more efficient networks of autocatalytic molecules will increase in concentration at the expense of less efficient networks. In such a competitive milieu the emergence of increasing molecular complexity is inevitable new chemical pathways overlay the old. So it is that life has continued to evolve over the past four billion years of Earth history. 

Because the HEUR thickeners are relatively low in molar mass (30000-100000 g mol ) compared to the alkali soluble or cellulosic associative thickeners, and the poly(ethylene oxide) backbone is so flexible, almost all of the thickening power comes from associations [106,107]. Molar mass must be high enough to provide efficient network formation, but veiy high molar mass simply dilutes the effectiveness of the hydrophobic clusters [108-110]. While the placement of the hydrophobes may have subtle effects on surface-active behaviour, the size and number of hydrophobes appear to be fee major determinants of performance [110,111]. 

The second example of a polymer reaction is the industrial cross-linking of rubber by vulcanization sketched in Fig. 3.50. The process was invented already in 1839 by C. N. Goodyear without knowledge of its chemical stracture. Natural rubber is cis-poly(l-methyl-1-butenylene) or polyisoprene with a low glass transition temperature of about 210 K. Its structure and those of other rubbers are given in Fig. 1.15. The addition of sulfur in the form of Sg rings and heating causes the vulcanization. Of the listed cross-hnks in Fig. 3.50, only the left example is an efficient network former. The sulfur introduces about 1 cross-link for each of 50 S-atoms used. Modem vulcanization involves activators and accelerators for increased efficiency. The detailed mechanism is rather complicated and not fully understood. 

Horizontal inter-dependencies arise between partners who exchange knowledge or resources to develop new products or new technologies, or to promote and distribute their products (Nas-simbeni, 1998). These interdependencies within and between organizations are identified in a number of literatures shown in Table 1. In order to achieve efficient network, interdependencies require effective coordination efforts (Li et al., 2002 Nassimbeni, 1998 Svensson, 2002). 

The synthesis of PANI-Ti02 nanohybrids was performed by in sim polymerization of aniline in the presence of Ti02 nanoparticles. The as-synthesized nanocomposite films showed appreciable electrical conductivity (1-10 S/cm), which further increased upon thermal treatment at 80°C [279]. Thus, the electrical conductivity of PANI (6.28 x 10 S/m) can be enhanced through the addition of Ti02, which leads to the formation of a more efficient network for charge transport within the PANI-based matrix [280]. 

Scott, J.E., Cummings, C., Brass, A., Chen, Y. (1991) Secondary and tertiary structures of hyaluronan in aqueous solution, investigated by rotary shadowing-electron microscopy and computer simulation. Hyaluronan is a very efficient network-forming polymer. Biochemical Journal, 274, 699-705. 

Any improvement in financial performance was dependent on having the most efficient network in place, because revenues were unlikely to grow. Cutting costs was thus a top priority for the coming year. To help design a more cost-effective network, Landgraf assigned a task force to recommend a course of action. 

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