Effects of transmembrane ion flux on detection limit

So far, detection limits of liquid membrane ISEs for Pb +, Cd +, Ag, Ca, K, NH4+, CIO4, and I have been improved to nanomolar andpicomolar levels (56). The transmembrane ion flux at a Pb +-selective membrane was directly detected using scanning electrochemical microscopy (57). Potentiometric ISEs, however, are a passive 

Effects of the transmembrane flux on the detection limits were also studied theoretically (60). The phase boundary potential model in mixed ion solutions as discussed in Section 7.3.1 was extended by implementing the steady-state transmembrane flux to demonstrate that the detection limit of a highly selective electrode, Cj (DL), is given approximately as 

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