Effects of processing and interface chemistry

The methods used to fabricate multilayered structures, the level of contamination introduced at the interface during processing, the composition of the layers and the interfaces between them, and the chemical and moisture content of the surrounding environment can have a significant effect on interface fracture resistance. From phenomenological observations of interface 

When both the film and substrate materials are resistant to plastic 

Excluding contamination by adapting well controlled processing methods also facilitates the production of high toughness interfaces. Consider as an example the interface between 7-Ni(Cr) and o -Al203. When this interface is produced by solid-state diffusion bonding, the 

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