Pharmacodynamics effectiveness

Analysis of the biological effects (pharmacodynamics) of individual ingredients and of their fate in the body (pharmacokinetics). 

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CICLOSPORIN CIPROFLOXACIN Ciprofloxacin may 1 immunosuppressive effect (pharmacodynamic interaction) Ciprofloxacin 1 inhibitory effect of ciclosporin on IL-2 production to 1 immunosuppressive effect Avoid co-administration... 

The fixed-effect pharmacodynamic model is a simple model that relates drug concentration to a pharmacological effect that is either present or is absent/ such as sleep/ or is a defined cutoff for a continuous effect/ such as diastolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg in a patient with hypertension. The specific pharmacological effect is present when the drug concentration is greater than a threshold level required to produce... 

Although the maximum-effect pharmacodynamic models are empirically based/ they do incorporate the concept of a maximum effect predicted by the drug-receptor interactions described earlier. The Hill equation/ which takes the same form as the equation describing drug effect as a function of receptor occupancy/ relates a continuous drug effect to the drug concentration at the effect site as shown ... 

The approach involves a semimechanistic or mechanistic model that describes the joint probability of the time of remedication and the pain relief score (which is related to plasma drug concentrations). This joint probability can be written as the product of the conditional probability of the time of remedication, given the level of pain relief and the probability of the pain relief score. First, a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model is developed using the nonlinear mixed effects modeling approach (16-19) (see also Chapters 10 and 14 of this book). With this approach both population (average) and random (inter- and intraindividual) effects parameters are estimated. When the PK model is linked to an effect (pharmacodynamic (PD) model), the effect site concentration (C ) as defined by Sheiner et al. (20) can be obtained. The effect site concentration is useful in linking dose to pain relief and subsequently to the decision to remedicate. 

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