Effective reflectance, residual

By now, it has not been made possible to determine the levels of antimicrobials that can cause an increase of primarily resistant Enterobacteriaceae in the gut of the consumer. As a result, measuring the microbial significance of antimicrobial residues continues to be the subject of considerable discussion. Much of the discussion involves the development of model systems that will reflect the effects of residue levels of antimicrobials on human intestinal microbial populations. The consensus of opinion at a recent symposium is that no such single system is available (64). The human intestine is a very complex microbial ecosystem, about which little is known of the effects of antimicrobial residues on the population dynamics and biochenoical responses (65). 

Then, DI of the coke produced by adding residual oil in an amount equal to that of the replacement coal in the manner described above was determined, and the reflectance of the residual oil was determined from the regression line given in Figure 6. The reflectance thus determined is herein defined as the effective reflectance, Rog. After determination of RoE, DI is determined on the coke produced from a blend of coal and residual coil in the fluidity control region. 

Table V Effective reflectance (Roe) and effective fluidity (MFe) of residual oil...

Conversely, our findings suggest the need to be careful when double mutation experiments are used to probe residue pair interactions in proteins. The study of the two-dimensional square lattice model clearly demonstrates a counterexample in which cooperative effects between two residue pairs can occur even though there is no direct interaction between the two residue pairs. Therefore, results from double mutation experiments may not necessarily reflect residue pair interactions. 

Crack Reflection. Crack deflection can result when particles transform ahead of a propagating crack. The crack can be deflected by the locali2ed residual stress field which develops as a result of phase transformation. The force is effectively reduced on the deflected portion of the propagating crack resulting in toughening of the part. 

Deposition commonly reflects a combination of physicochemical processes and localized effects. It may occur through fouling as a result of contamination by process materials, perhaps plus scaling from the supersaturation of dissolved salts, and coupled with some active under-deposit corrosion. As a consequence, deposits forming within a boiler are almost never single mineral scales but typically consist of a variable mix of scale and corrosion debris, chemical treatment residuals, process contaminants, and the like. 

The other major source of noise is vibration from the environment. The entire measuring system is, of course, mounted on appropriate rubber isolation pads. However, these are not adequate for the level of accuracy required. The residual vibration is eliminated from the signal by mounting the lower part of the optical reflection system on a spring which is driven by servo electronics that detects its movement. An effective free period for the spring of up to 60 s can be achieved in this way, and virtually all environmental vibration is eliminated from the measured signal. 

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