Economics process ranking

Promising experiments have been done to produce protein flour or protein isolates from safflower meal. The USDA compared safflower protein isolate with isolate from soy and found the safflower product to be quite useful. The study also outlined the cost of investment and production for the process envisioned (128-130). Other researchers have written extensively on this subject (131-134). A factory would need considerably more than the total U.S. supply of safflower meal to produce an economically viable protein isolate. Unless a scientific breakthrough can materially reduce the hull portion of a safflower seed while retaining satisfactory yields, meal will continue to sell for a modest price and to be considered a second-rank product. NIOP Rules 8.1.1-8.1.3 established the factors guiding the trade in safflower meal. 

Figure 6. Highly schematized depiction of the orthogonal influences of coal rank and coal type on coal grade (economic value) as reflected simply by the yield of liquids in a coal conversion (liquefaction) process (( ) reactive ingredients are vitrinite and exinite in higher rank coals, vitrinite and exinite give low yields)...

A theory of economic development involves a series of stages or stales through which the process must necessarily, or normally, pass. There are two questions we can ask of a theory of this kind. First, we may ask whether the development is in some sense also a progress - that is if each state ranks higher than its predecessor on some scale of perfection. Secondly, we may ask whether the theory of stages applies to each exemplar (e.g. each nation-state) of the entity undergoing development. 

TJrom a scientific, or a technological, or an economic point of view, the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons must rank as one of the most important chemical processes of our 20th century. Research activity on the pyrolysis of hydrocarbons has mirrored this intense interest since the early part of the century. These studies have yielded a number of simple conclusions. One is that pyrolytic systems are an extremely complex assembly of chemical reactions taking place mainly through the aegis of a relatively small number of very active free radicals. 

OLR of pre-consumer waste also has environmental benefits. An LCA conducted by Muthu et al. (2012a) concluded that the recycling of pre-consumer textile waste, or process waste, would directly lower the carbon footprint of the product However, not all textiles have the same environmental benefits when recycled. In developing their RecyclabiUty Potential Index assessing both environmental and economic benefits to recycling, Muthu et al. (2012b) found that polyester and polypropylene are ranked highest in recyclability with nylon 6,6 ranked last... 

Aaron and Tsouris [66] rank membrane separation processes as one of the most promising options. They anticipate advances in ceramic and metallic membrane technology will eventually lead to membrane processes that are more efficient than absorption - the best current option. Favre [67] argues that polymeric membrane technology is competitive today despite its dismissal in most studies. A techno-economic analysis suggests membranes are competitive when carbon dioxide concentration reaches -20% (as found in the effluent from cement and steel factories) and vacuum is used to drive carbon dioxide transport. Although the subject of debate, the potential for membrane technology will continue to attract interest and research effort. 

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