Economics of-, processing

In considering the economics of process alternatives, it is important to think about the total life cycle costs. There is an increasing interest in this concept in the environmental area, with a recognition of the need to incorporate waste treatment, waste disposal, regulatory compliance, potential liability for environmental damage, and other long term environmental costs into project economic evaluation. Similarly, we must consider life cycle safety costs. Some examples of factors which should be considered include ... 

The ageing and decay characteristics of catalysts are of immense importance in defining the economics of processes. The simplest criterion that can be applied is that of total productivity during the life of the catalyst and also loss of productivity during the shut down required for catalyst replacement. Figure 2 illustrates notional performances for two catalysts A and B in hypothetical processes in which productivity is simply a measure of quantity of product produced. Catalyst A has a lower initial productivity but is more stable in use and dies off at a much lower rate than catalyst B, which has a high initial productivity which falls relatively... 

Neither carbon tax nor cap-and-trade are practiced as of today, and obviously practical details will have to be worked out. Both these approaches put a price on carbon, and will affect the economics of processes. 

These two examples clearly demonstrate the potential for development and manipulation of fatty acid profiles to improve plant oil characteristics for industrial use, and in the case of HEAR, to improve the economics of processing, reducing costs to the end user. However, one of the downsides of manipulating fatty-acid profiles in crops that have both food and non-food uses is the need to keep crops separated on the farm and in the post-farm-gate supply chain, to avoid risks of contamination of either chain. 

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursor fibers are more expensive than rayon. Nevertheless, PAN is more commonly used because the carbon fiber yield is about double that from rayon. Pitch-based carbon fibers are also important, because, potentially pitch is perhaps the cheapest raw material. Table 8.2 shows that carbon yield is highest from the mesophase pitch. The reader is cautioned that this is true only if we exclude the losses during the mesophase conversion step. If, however, one compares the overall carbon fiber yield from raw pitch to that from PAN, then the yield from PAN is higher. In any event, the carbon fiber yield or precursor weight loss is a very important factor in the economics of processing. 

Quantum yields are fundamental quantities that define the photonic economics of processes induced by light absorption. They are required to determine rate constants of photophysical and photochemical processes (Section 3.9.7). Many different techniques are used to measure quantum yields depending on the process studied. In the following, we describe some procedures commonly used in the chemical laboratory. The measurement of quantum yields is an art that has a number of pitfalls. The experimenter has few options to double-check his or her own results other than reproducibility, which will not reveal any repeated systematic errors. Therefore, it is prudent to reproduce the quantum yield of a related, well-known process in the laboratory before determining an unknown one. 

The economics of processing depend on the thermal characteristics of the material. The thermal properties of PP are compared with some other plastics in Table 23. The heat transfer requirement for cooling from the melt temperature to mould temperature in the case of PP is much higher than those in the case of amorphous polymers such as ABS and PS. Hence, the processing of PP is costly. In addition, thermal conductivity determines the cooling time of the material in the mould. It can be seen that the thermal conductivity of PP is less than HOPE. It would require more cooling time, and hence, a slower production rate. 

The casting of aluminium is a traditional process, but the interesting point in the cast house is how the materials that cannot be considered optimal refractory materials from the viewpoint of physical chemistry were worked out and adjusted in the course of R D in a way that can be considered quite satisfactory for service fife and economics of processing. 

Comparative Economics of Processes for Desulftiifzing Power Plant Flue Gas... 

Comparative Economics Of Processes for Desulfurizing Power Plant Hue Gas ... 

Many types of laser are available, used for different applications. Common laser types available are CO2, Nd YAG, Nd glass, ruby and excimer. Depending on economics of process, pulsed and continuous wave modes are used. 

Without a positive economic performance, no industrial process is sustainable. The economics of processes are measured according to their costs. For economists, this is an oversimplified view of markets, bnt for engineering calculations, the annnalized costs are significant measures. The costs are tied into the process through efficiencies, energy, and environmental impacts. 

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