Economic effects, emulsion water

Injecting 0.5 PV of 2.5% Kern River oil-in-water emulsion into a sandpack made from Kern River sand reduced the permeability from 1624 to 397 md, a reduction of 76%. This is a significant result since injection of 0.5 pore volume of a steam-swept zone is economically viable should a field test be performed. An additional 0.5 PV of the emulsion was injected, lowering the permeability to 226 md. The stability of the block under steamflooding conditions was tested by injecting saturated steam at 150 C. After steam injection, the permeability was 406 md—still a 75% reduction in effective permeability (see Table VI). 

Chem. Descrip. Disp. of a hydrophobic wax in min. oil with silicone Uses Defoamer, emulsifier for water-based systems, flat and semigloss emulsion paints, aq. adhesives, caulks, and sealants Features High efficiency economical long term effectiveness exc. stability, shelf life no VOC... 

Polymerization Processes. A variety of processes are used commercially to homopolymerize and copolymerize acrylic acid and methacrylic acid. On the basis of economics and environmental considerations, water is generally the preferred industrial solvent or polymerization medium. However, the choice of process is usually dictated by the requirements of the polymer to be produced. As already indicated, pH influences the rate of polymerization. Comonomers and molecular weight of the polymer to be produced also have a profound effect on the tsqje of polymerization process that can be used and on the type of product obtained. The contents of Table 2 indicate the change from water-soluble to alkab-soluble emulsions and ultimately emulsion polsrmers is dependent on the comonomers in copolymers of acryUc and methacryUc acids. This transition from water-soluble polymer to emulsion polymer as the acidic monomer is decreased depends on the hydrophobicity of the comonomer. Introduction of divinyl monomers causes transition to gel materials in all compositions. The gels may vary from highly swollen to tightly bound copolymers, depending on the cross-linker level. 

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