Echinodermata

Brehm, P., and Morin, J. G. (1977). Localization and characterization of luminescent cells in Ophiopsila californica and Amphipholis squamata (Echinodermata Ophiuroidea). Biol. Bull. 152 12-25. 

Phylum Echinodermata Sea lilies, seastars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers... 

Coelenterates and Echinoderms. In the phylla Coelenterata and Echinodermata approximately 90 species have been investigated for toxicity (see Tables II and IH). Only 20 or so have been extensively studied (e.g., sea anemones, sea cucumber, and jellyfish). Even so, while relatively complete studies have been made on isolation, characterization, and elucidation of mechanisms of action, in no one species have all of the toxins present been identified. Thousands of species have not been subjected to even the most cursory examination. 

Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata) appear to be unique in their mode of squalene oxide (37) cyclization. Tritium-labeled lanosterol (33), cycloartenol (32) and parkeol (38) were individually administered to the sea cucumber Holothuria arenicola. While the former two triterpenes were not metabolized [22], parkeol was efficiently transformed into 14x-methyl-5a-cho-lest-9(l l)-en-3/ -ol (39) (Scheme 3). Other A1 sterols present in H. arenicola were not found to be radioactive and were thus assumed to be of dietary origin. The intermediacy of parkeol was confirmed by the feeding of labeled mevalonate (23) and squalene (26) to the sea cucumber Stichopus californicus [15]. Both precursors were transformed into parkeol, but not lanosterol nor cycloartenol, aqd to 4,14a-dimethyl-5a-cholest-9(ll)-en-3/J-ol (40) and 14a-methyl-5a-cholest-9(ll)-en-3/ -ol. Thus, while all other eukaryotes produce either cycloartenol or lanosterol, parkeol is the intermediate between triterpenes and the 14-methyl sterols in sea cucumbers. 

Lawrence, J.M., W.D. Mahon, W. Avery, and M. Lares. 1993. Concentrations of metals in Luidia clathrata and Luidia senegalensis (Echinodermata Asteroidea) in Tampa Bay and the nearshore Gulf of Mexico, Florida. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 105C 203-206. 

Walsh, G.E., L.L. McLaughlin, M K. Louie, C.H. Deans, and E.M. Lores. 1986b. Inhibition of arm regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by tributyl tin oxide and triphenyltin oxide. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 12 95-100. 

Hyman, L.H. 1955. The Invertebrates. Volume 4. Echinodermata. The Coelomate Bilateria. McGraw-Hill, New York. 763 pp. 

Echinodermata Starfish, Sea urchins Lectins, PO, leucine rich repeats, complement, scavenger receptors, Tol interleukin receptors, cytokines... 

Coteur, G. et al., Effects of PCBs on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the immune cells of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata), Mar. Poll. Bull., 8, 667, 2001. 

Gosselin, P. and Jangoux, M. (1998). From competent larvae to exotrophic juveniles a morphofunctional study of the perimetamorphic period of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata, Echinoida). Zoomorphology, 118, 31-43. 

Grosjean, P., Spirlet, C., Gosselin, P, Vaitilingon, D. and Jancoux, M. (1998). Land-based, closed-cycle echiniculture of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinoidea Echinodermata). A long-term experiment at a pilot scale. Journal of Shellfish Research, 17, 1523-1531. 

Laurin, B., David, B., De Ridder, C. (1988). Growth of Echinocardium cordatum test morphological variations. Proceedings of the 6 " International Symposium on Echinodermata, 19-22/9, pp 177-178. 

Spirlet, C., Grosjean, P. and Jangoux, M. (2001). Cultivation of Paracentrotus lividtis (Echinodermata Echinoidea) on extruded feeds digestive efficiency, somatic and gonadal growth. Aquaculture, 7, 91-99. 

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