Dysidea avara Avarol

Muller, W. E. G., Bohm, M., Batel, R., Rosa, S. D., Tommonaro, G., Muller, I. M., and Schroder, H. C. (2000). Application of cell culture for the production of bioactive compounds from sponges Synthesis of avarol by primmorphs from Dysidea avara. J. Nat. Prod. 63,1077-1081. 

From another Dysidea sponge species, Dysidea avara, the sesquiterpenes avarol, Fig. (9) and avarone, Fig. (10), which show a wide variety of biological activities, were first isolated. Both compounds are potent antileukemic agents in vitro and in vivo. They were determined to be neither direct mutagens nor premutagens, and they displayed antimutagenic activity... 

Muller, W. E. G., Diehl-Seifert, B., Sobel, C., Bechtold, A., Kljajic, Z., and Dorn, A., Sponge secondary metabolites biochemical and ultrastructural localization of the antimitotic agent avarol in Dysidea avara, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 34, 1687, 1986. 

Sponges produce furanosesquiterpenes of various skeletal types, such as furodysinin (118) from Dysidea herbacea and nakafuran-8 (119) from D. etheria, the latter of which is antifeeding. Similarly, mixed shikrmate-mevalonate metabolites are often encountered as sponge metabolites the first example is avarol (120), which was isolated from Dysidea avara. Several related compounds have been isolated from dictyoceratid... 

A. (1986) Sponge secondary metabolites biochemical and ultrastructural localization of the antimitotic agent avarol in Dysidea avara. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 1687-1690. 

Uriz M. J., Turon, X., Gordi, J., and Tur, J. M. (1996) New light on the cell location of avarol within the sponge Dysidea avara (Dendroceratida). Cell Tissue Res 285,519-527. 

W. E. G. Muller, R. K. Zahn, E. Eich Extraction and purification of avarone and avarol from Dysidea avara,Ger. Offen., DE 3621032 Al, 28th January 1988. 

Cariello, L., M. De Nicola Giudici, and L. Zanetti Developmental Aberrations in Sea-Urchin Eggs Induced by Avarol and Two Cogeners. The Main Sesquiterpe-noid Hydroquinones from the Marine Sponge, Dysidea avara. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 65C, 37 (1980). 

Minale, L., Riccio, R., and Sodano, G. (1974) Avarol, a novel sesquiterpenoid hydroquinone with a rearranged drimane skeleton from the sponge Dysidea avara. Tetrahedron Lett, 15, 3401-3404. 

Shen, Y.-C., Lu, C.-H., Chakraborty, R., and Kuo, Y.-H. (2003) Isolation of sesquiterpenoids from sponge Dysidea avara and chemical modifications of avarol as potential antitumor agents. Nat. Prod. Res., 17,83-89. 

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