Dynamics of exchange

Dynamics of exchange of regulatory factors with transcriptionally active genes... 

Anand, K., Damodaran, S. (1996). Dynamics of exchange between asi-casein and p-casein during adsorption at air-water interface. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 44, 1022-1028. 

Equilibria Between Carbenium ions and Onium Ions Carbenium ions react with noncharged nucleophiles to form onium ions rather than covalent species. The thermodynamics and dynamics of exchange between onium and carbenium ions in several relevant systems were summarized in Table 9 in Section II.F.2. This was studied mostly... 

The previous section demonstrated that the dynamics of exchange between different types of growing species must be fast in order to prepare polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions. As shown by Eq. (86), polydispersity depends on the ratio of the rate constants of ionic propagation and deactivation of the growing species. Thus, only one... 

The dynamics of exchange is also very important. Figure 13 shows a system nearly identical to the ideal system shown in Fig. 12. The only difference is the dynamics of ionization the concentrations of monomer, initiator, Lewis acid, and anion are the same, and the equilibrium constants of ionization and dissociation are also the same. 

E.E.Nikitin and E.Yu.Rusin, Dynamics of exchange and abstraction reactions in hydrogen-halide systems, Khim. Fiz. 6, 1643 (1987)... 

We also studied the dynamics of exchange. The A/B ratio does not change during this process. The exchange process itself is very fast, as it takes place within an hour. After that the exchange process is slowed down by orders of magnitude. 

Ying et al. prepared block copolymers of both MM A and HEM A with St [ 186]. Chain extension of pSt-Br (Mn=6400, Mw/Mn=1.31) with MMA or HEM A using the CuCl/bpy catalyst took place at 40 °C, producing block copolymers with Mn= 13,470 and 7400 and Mw/Mn=1.33 and 1.28, respectively [186]. When pMMA-Cl (Mn=15,320, Mw/Mn=1.28) was chain extended with St, the macroinitiator was consumed slowly at 110 °C, as evidenced by the presence of a low molecular weight shoulder in the GPC traces that persisted until >40% monomer conversion. Further monomer conversion resulted in a block copolymer with Mn= 43,850 with Mw/Mn=1.40 [186]. This large increase in the molecular weight distribution is most likely due to slower dynamics of exchange associated with the Cl-based ATRP of St. 

One of the most important parameters in ATRP is the dynamics of exchange, and especially the relative rate of deactivation. If the deactivation process is slow in comparison with propagation, then a classic redox initiation process operates, leading to conventional, and not controlled, radical pol5mierization. Polydispersi-ties in ATRP are defined by the following equation, when the contribution of chain... 

The dynamics of exchange of the triplet state must be the same as that of the ground state. This condition has been checked. ... 

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