Dyes, solar protectants

The addition of sunscreen dyes to granular formulation does not always improve solar protection of Bt. Granular formulations without dyes, made with com flour, cottonseed flour, and sugars, also protected Bt from solar radiation... 

Shapiro and Robertson (59, 60) evaluated 79 dyes as solar radiation protectants for spsy moth, Lymantria dispar nucieopolyhedrovirus (Ivertical distance of 50 cm from the light bulb (intensity). Congo red was die only dye tested that fully retain LdMNPV activity after artificial solar radiation exposure. Solar protectants absorbed at 280-320 nm (UV-B), as well as 320-400 nm (UV-A) (Table 3). 

Fig. 7.9. Efficiency data for two test cells (active area 4 cm2) exposed to outdoor conditions for 1 year. The efficiencies of the cells were measured from time to time with an indoor solar simulator. The dye used is Ru(NCS)2(2,2 -bipyridyl-4,4 -dicarboxylate)2 (N719). 0.6 M hexylmethylimidazolium iodide (HMII), 0.1 M Lil, 0.05 M I2, 0.5 M tert-butylpyridin (TBP) in propionitril was used as the electrolyte. Surlyn 1702 (Dupont) was used as the sealant. The cells were placed under a window to protect them from rain. Test location INAP, Gelsenkirchen, Germany...

Polypyrrole is probably the most common conducting polymer used due to its excellent properties. Pyrrole monomer is commercially available, easily oxidized, water-soluble that conducts to polymers with high electrical conductivity, redox properties and good environmental stability. Over the past three decades polypyrrole has attracted interest for a number of applications including supercapacitor for energy storage and secondary batteries [104], in dye-sensitized solar cells [105]. This polymer has been also used for metal protection [106] and to manufacture patterned arrays of nanoparticles for data storage or biosensors [107]. 

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