Solar protection

Line or equipment Include hydraulic relief in line exposed to direct, Provide adequate insulation for solar protection sun or heat source. Clear lines after each use CCPS G-11... 

Simple models for louvers and other solar protection devices are based on a statement of constant reduction of the solar radiation flux on the window. A common assumption is that a louver is controlled so that no direct light can penetrate into the room. 

To quantify the protective effect of textiles, the solar protection factor (SPF) is determined. The SPF is the ratio of the potential erythemal effect to the actual erythemal effect transmitted through the fabric by the radiation and can be calculated from spectroscopic measurements. The larger the SPF, the more protective the fabric is to UV radiation. In Europe and Austraha, the SPF is referred... 

Table 14.2 Solar protection factors (SPF) of undyed fabrics ...

FIGURE 26.13 Illustration of approaches for solar protective double glazing with absorbing and reflecting panes. 

Textiles used as fabric fagades are commonly a coated mesh. This allows a view out and reduces energy consumption while providing solar protection (Armijos, 2008). The most common types are PVC-coated polyester manufactured into a coated or extruded product, PTFE (poly-tetrafluoroethylene or Teflon) coated flbreglass mesh, and ETFE (ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) foils. 

The textile with embedded flexible solar cells overcomes the aforementioned technical problems. According to a first aspect, its subject matter is a reliable photovoltaic composite, employed in particular for solar protection, which includes at least one flexible photovoltaic panel and at least one textile panel on the outside face, on which the said photovoltaic panel is laminated by means of a first connecting layer. In a characteristic manner, in the direction transverse to that in which it is to be rolled and at any level of the photovoltaic panel, the said composite is of more-or-less constant thickness, including one or more reduced thickness zones, where the said reduced thickness corresponds to the thickness of the textile panel possibly covered with a film on its inside face. This particular arrangement is used to prevent the formation of folds in the composite, whether during the rolling operation or in the deployed position. 

Photovoltaic awnings (solar protection panels or blinds)... 

Different types of solar protection structures have been used in order to embed PV flexible cells. For vertical awnings the patent was published in the United States (US 4636579) by Joseph J. Hanak, James Young, Bert Kuypers and Richard Blieden in 1987 [3]. 

Reports on thermal comfort siuveys foUow similar hnes to noise and cherrrical contaminant surveys. However, in addition, descriptions of clothing and estimates of metabohc rate based on work being done, are important. The report also needs to refer to fitness, acchmatization, solar protection, rest periods, and fluid intake. 

Table 3. Film forming material reported as solar protectants for microbial agents.

In addition, ingredients such as acriflavin, methyl green and rhodamine B s cationic chromophores provided good protection following UV- radiation exposure of Bt crystals. Acriflavin was the best solar protectant 15) (Table 4). 

Table 4. Other organic compounds reported as solar protectants...

The addition of sunscreen dyes to granular formulation does not always improve solar protection of Bt. Granular formulations without dyes, made with com flour, cottonseed flour, and sugars, also protected Bt from solar radiation... 

Wright and Chandler (40) tested B. bassiana conidial formulations containing cotton products (Konsume ) as phagostimulants, a pheromone and Nufilm 17 as solar protectant, and stiker. They applied the formulation in field on non-cotton plants and compared the boll weevil attraction. They observed that non-cotton treated plants effectively attracted to boll weevil compared with die untreated control (94 vs 4). In addition, they applied the formulation on regrowth cotton plants and examined adults captured. They found a 60.1% of B. bassiana infected boll weevil in treated plots versus 44% on untreated control (40). 

Shapiro and Robertson (59, 60) evaluated 79 dyes as solar radiation protectants for spsy moth, Lymantria dispar nucieopolyhedrovirus (Ivertical distance of 50 cm from the light bulb (intensity). Congo red was die only dye tested that fully retain LdMNPV activity after artificial solar radiation exposure. Solar protectants absorbed at 280-320 nm (UV-B), as well as 320-400 nm (UV-A) (Table 3). 

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