Dye design

The effect of forming a more rigid structure in fluorescent dyes of the rhodamine series has been clearly demonstrated (18) with the remarkable dye designated Rhodamine 101 [41175A3-3] (19). This dye has its terminal nitrogen atoms each held in two rings and has a fluorescence quantum yield of virtually 100% independent of the temperature. 

Reinhardt BA, Brott LL, Clarson SJ, Dillard AG, Bhatt JC, KannanR, YuanL, He GS, Prasad PN (1998) Highly active two-photon dyes design, synthesis, and characterization toward application. Chem Mater 10 1863-1874... 

In the Colour Index the sulphur dyes are classified into four subgroups. Conventional insoluble disulphide brands, taking the generic Cl Sulphur dye designation, are converted to the leuco compound by adding sodium sulphide to a boiling aqueous dispersion of the parent... 

Considerable research effort has been devoted to developing a new generation of disperse dyes designed to optimise fastness to washing and minimise cross-staining of the cellulosic component of polyester/cellulosic blends [97,98]. Diester-containing monoazo disperse dye structures (4.91) that yield a dicarboxylic acid on hydrolysis and certain thienylazo blues... 

Benson SC, Singh P, Glazer AN (1993) Heterodimeric DNA-binding dyes designed for energy transfer Synthesis and spectroscopic properties. Nucleic Acids Res 21 5727-5735. 

In the last years the application of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) has often been declared outdated and a new century of gel-free proteomics was announced. Nevertheless, 2-DE is still the method of choice when analyzing complex protein mixtures. With a separation of10 000 proteins, 2-DE gives access to high-resolution proteome analysis. Continuous development has consolidated 2-DE application in proteomics, where the introduction of difference gel electrophoresis (DICE) is the latest improvement. DICE is based on fluorescently tagging all proteins in each sample with one set of matched fluorescent dyes designed to minimally interfere with protein mobility during 2-DE. 

Celanthrene [Du Pont]. TM for a group of anthraquinone disperse dyes designed especially for acetate, also suitable for application to nylon. 

Greaves, A.J. Gasteiger, J. The use of self-organising neural networks in dye design. Dyes Pigments 2001, 49, 51-63. 

In order to be able to run two different samples on the same two-dimensional gel, we have developed a detection system that differentiates between two different samples without introducing differences on its own. Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) uses two fluorescent dyes to label two protein mixtures. The dyes enable samples to be differentiated from each other on the same gel. Dye design was nontrivial we had to ensure that no electrophoretic mobihty differences were imparted... 

Nickel complexes used as energy quenchers to provide UV stability can provide dye sites with some dyes designed to form chelate complexes [146]. In recent years, hydrophihc dyestuff with long alkyl graft chain has been developed, but it can only provide light colors. Several kinds of metal salts such as nickel stearate and zinc stearate are added before fiber formation to... 

In future years one can expect to see increased use of such dyes designed to display large Stokes shifts. 

According to Schweppe (1992), Bignonia chica Humb. et Bonpl. (Bignoniaceae) produces the xanthone dye carajurin. This is dye designated by the Colour Index (1971) as Cl 75180 Natural Orange 5. 

Rhodamine dyes that have hydroxyl groups at the end rings are very sensitive to physiological pH change and are used as intracellular pH indicators. For example Vita Blue 9, an amphiphilic dye designed for cell membrane permeable. The deprotonation of the dye in basic condition switches the excitation/emission fi om 524/609 nm to 570/665 nm. 

Glazer, A. N. Benson, S. C. DNA complexes with dyes designed for energy transfer as fluorescent markers. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9417397, 1994. 

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