Dyadic complexity

The situation with regard to convective (turbulent) momentum transport is somewhat more complex because of the tensor (dyadic) character of momentum flux. As we have seen, Newton s second law provides a correspondence between a force in the x direction, Fx, and the rate of transport of x-momentum. For continuous steady flow in the x direction at a bulk... 

We have already mentioned a very strong dyadic association in the formally d5 cobalt complexes such as [Cp Co(dddt)]+ which dimerizes in the solid state to a fully diamagnetic dicationic dyad (Fig. 6a). It represents the extreme situation where the two radicals form a true 2e bond, with the sulfur atom of one dithiolene ligand entering the coordination sphere of the other metal. It should be considered as the consequence of the electron deficiency of these cationic [CpCo(dt)]+ 15-electron complexes. 

Ru -moiety described by a magnetic field independent relaxation time ( s) was also important for their MFEs. They carried out numerical simulation of the observed AR E) values with Eq. (12-39), where fe, and bet were only treated as empirical parameters. We can see from Fig. 12-13 that the simulated curves can well reproduce the observed AR B) values. The parameters determined with this method for the four complexes are listed in Table 12-6. It is noteworthy from this table that the reaction processes described by Reactions (12-34a) - (12-34e) occur in ps-time region. Although such ps-processes of the RIPs in fluid solutions can not be measured directly by ps-laser photolysis techniques due to diffusion-controlled formation of the RIPs, it is a great experimental challenge to observe directly the MFEs of the reaction processes of dyadic RIPs in ps time-resolved experiments. Such investigations have recently been carried out [19]... 

Greater complexity where an individual s interactions with others are more common (e.g. higher rate of interaction, or more interactants) similarly, where more relationships are the rule (as in analyses based on clique size see Dunbar 1998). Further dyadic-level complexities include reciprocity (in grooming, for example) and exchange (where one type of benefit is traded for another). There is evidence for both these types of complexity in primates (Cords 1997). 

A further striking example is given by the Pyrococcus abyssi Sm core (PA Sm). In the free state and in complex with RNA, the PA Sm has point symmetry 72 and consists of a sandwich of two heptameric rings in the same orientation and dyadically related [20]. In the two states, the folding of the monomers differs only slightly, so that the corresponding molecular forms of PA Sm heptamer (central hole and envelope) are the same. 

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