Durability Factor

If the plan of the building (and the same applies to its cross-sectional features) is precisely and inflexibly related to the initial plant layout and the production processes known at design stage, non-adaptability to later desirable changes in use is clearly a durability factor. 

Specimens and type of admixture Water-cement ratio Durability factor Ck 10 months 20 months 28 months... 

Water-reducing admixture Dosage Air-entraining agent type Water-cement ratio Freeze-thaw data Durability factor (%) Weight loss (%)... 

Series Mix Air- entraining agent Water-reducing admixture Cement content (kg m - ) Water- cement ratio 28-day compressive strength (N mm-2) Air content (%) Slump (mm) Durability factor ASTM C290 1967... 

Freeze-thaw durability factor Fly ash and aggregates 89.7% after 300 cycles Road-based and permafrost applications... 

In this study, micro-structured polypropylene and glass fibers were both used sep>arately and in combination with macro-structured steel fibers in the concrete. Experiments were conducted in order to determine weight-loss and durability factor based on ultrasoimd pulse velocity of 12 different concrete series produced according to ASTM C-666. The separate and combined effects of the fibers used in the concrete in terms of the rapad freeze-thaw period were investigated. 

Fig. 3. Durability factors determined after freeze-thaw cycles.

The superior resistance to a vari ety of degrad i ng effects was reported by Bonneau etal. [59] for RPC freeze-thaw-durability factor equal or greater than 1 scaling-cumulative mass of scaling residue less than 0.03 kg/m (compared with a maximum of 0.80 kg/m allowed in the standards) chloride permeability (ASTM Cl 202) - less than 10 Coulomb (from a practical point of view this is impermeable concrete a range of 500-1000 Coulomb is considered as high performance concrete). The permeability under load conditions, in which cracks are induced, was evaluated by Charron et ai [60] showing that at strains of up to 0.13% the permeability was as low as that of the matrix. This is an indication of the durability potential of such composites under load. 

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