Dulce

The authors discounted the existence of two chemotypes of L. dulcis on the grounds that no evidence appears to exist as to this level of plasticity in this species. Rather, they suggested that the problem likely arose in the source of the Mexican specimen, which consisted of plants collected in the vicinity of Tlayacapan (Morelos) and mixed with hierba dulce purchased in a market in Mexico City. Adulteration of the commercial product, not an uncommon practice, likely accounts for the striking chemical differences between the two specimens. 

Dulce, R.G., Nogara, J.B., Sambrano, B.G. 2000. Calcite scale deposition in production wells in Mindanao Geothermal Production Field, Philippines. PNOC-EDC Internal Report. 2000. 

H. Streble and D. Krauter, Atlas de los microorganismos de agua dulce, Ediciones Omega S.A., Barcelona, 1987. 

The two enantiomers of fenchone occur in a number of essential oils. Optically pure (15) (-f)-fenchone has been detected in bitter fennel oil Foeniculum vulgare var. vulgare) and in sweet fennel oil F. vulgare var. dulce) from various sources.It has also been reported to exist in... 

Cana dulce Canary Islands Noble cane United States... 

Cana dulce Canary Islands Saccharum officinarum... 

The structures of the di- and trimeric profisetinidins from Pithecellobium dulce (Guamii-chil) were rigorously corroborated via synthesis.The synthetic approach was additionally motivated by the precariousness of unequivocally differentiating between 2,3-cis-3,4-trans-and 2,3-c7.s-3,4-c7.s-confugurations of the chain-extension units on the basis of H NMR coupling constants.Furthermore, the powerful nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) method for differentiating between 2,4-cis- and 2,4-tra i -substitution is less useful at the di- and trimeric levels due to the adverse effects of dynamic rotational isomerism about the interflavanyl bond(s) on NMR spectra at ambient temperatures. 

Epifisetinidol-(4p —> 8)-catechin Epifisetinidol-(4p —> 8)-epicatechin Pithecellobium dulce 114... 

Prenylapigenin 7-Rutinoside Pithecellobium dulce stems Leguminosae 163... 

Saxena, V.K. and Singhal, M., Novel prenylated flavonoid from stem of Pithecellobium dulce, Fitoterapia, 70, 98, 1999. 

Bhattacharya, P Claesson, M Bundschuh, J. et al. (2006) Distribution and mobility of arsenic in the Rio Dulce alluvial aquifers in Santiago del Estero province, Argentina. Science of the Total Environment, 358(1-3), 97-120. 

Dalsgaard, T., Canfield, D.E., Petersen, J., Thamdrup, B., and Acuna-Gonzalez, J. (2003) N2 production by ammonex reaction in the anoxic water column of Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica. Nature. 422, 606-608. 

This is distilled from the fruit of F. dulce, its main constituents being limonene (20-25%), fenchone (7-10%) and transanethole (4—6%). Arctander (1960) placed the oil in the sweet, non-floral, candy-flavoured group. In the USA, the regulatory status generally recognized as safe has been accorded to fennel oil, GRAS 2481, and sweet fennel oil, GRAS 2483. 

In summary, Foeniculum is stated to have three species, F. vulgare (fennel), F. azoricum Mill. (Florence fennel) and F. dulce (sweet fennel). Fennel is widely cultivated, both in its native habitat and elsewhere, for its edible, strongly flavoured leaves and seeds. The flavour is similar to, but milder than, that of anise and star anise. Anethole and fenchone are the major constituents of the solvent extract of seed phenols, free fatty acids, carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals have been reported in varying proportions. In the mature fruit, up to 95% of the essential oil is located in the fruit, greater amounts being found in the fully ripe fruit. Approximately 45 constituents have been determined from fennel seed oil, the main constituents being frans-anethole, fenchone, estragol (methyl chavicol), limonene, camphene, a-pinene and other monoterpenes, fenchyl alcohol and... 

Gilligan, N.P. (2005) The palliation of nausea in hospice and palliative care patients with essential oils of Pimpinella anisum (aniseed), Foeniculum vulgare var. dulce (sweet fennel), Anthemis nobilis (Roman chamomile) and Mentha x piperita (peppermint). International journal of Aromatherapy 15(4), 1 63-167. 

GC-MS analysis to study the content and composition of extracts of celery revealed the presence of terpenoids, sesquiterpenoids and phthalides in the essential oils and extracts obtained with organic solvents from two celery cultivars (Wolski et al., 2004). The composition of the essential oil obtained from the fruits of three A. graveolens var. dulce cultivars, i.e. Helios, Orient and Zefir, showed that the main components of the essential oil were isoprenoids, including monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Essential oil content ranged from 2.5 to 3.0%. The percentage... 

D Antuono, L.F., Neri, R. and Moretti, A. (2002) By-products of vegetable celery (Apium graveoiens L. var. dulce) as potential source of flavours. Acta Horticulturae (576), 327-331. 

Najda, A. and Dyduch, J. (2004) Determination of quantitative composition of polyphenolic compounds occurring in leaf stalks of three celery cultivars (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce Mill./Pers.). Folia Universitatis Agriculturae Stetinensis, Agricultura 95, 259-264. 

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