Drying flow diagram

Freeze dried vials are usually partially stoppered just before entering the dryer. Closures are seated into the vials mechanically at the end of the drying cycle. A typical freeze drying flow diagram is shown in Fig. 6. 

Dry-Process Hardboard. Dry-process hardboard is produced by a dry—dry system where dry fiber is formed iato mats, which are thea pressed ia a dry coaditioa. A flow diagram of this process is showa ia Figure 6. Ia this process, wood chips, sawdust, or other residues are refiaed to fiber ia pressurized refiners. Wax and PF resia may be added ia the refiner or ioimediately outside of the refiner, ia the fiber-ejectioa tube or "blowliae." It is also aoted that a small amouat of dry-process hardboard is made with UF resia biaders. UF resias, because of their inherent faster curing at lower temperatures, can be added only at the blowline or ia a bleader located after the dryer. 

Fig. 7. Flow diagram of a typical spray-dry encapsulation process.

Figure 2 shows a general process flow diagram for almost all production of natural sodium sulfate. Glauber s salt can be converted to anhydrous sodium sulfate by simply drying it in rotary kilns. Direct drying forms a fine, undesirable powder, and any impurities in the Glauber s salt become part of the final product. This process is not used in the United States but is used in other countries. 

The Sulfate Process. A flow diagram for the sulfate process is shown in Figure 1. The strongly exothermic digestion of the dried, milled feedstock in 85—95°/ sulfuric acid converts metal oxides into soluble sulfates, primarily titanium and iron. 

A flow diagram for the system is shown in Figure 5. Feed gas is dried, and ammonia and sulfur compounds are removed to prevent the irreversible buildup of insoluble salts in the system. Water and soHds formed by trace ammonia and sulfur compounds are removed in the solvent maintenance section (96). The pretreated carbon monoxide feed gas enters the absorber where it is selectively absorbed by a countercurrent flow of solvent to form a carbon monoxide complex with the active copper salt. The carbon monoxide-rich solution flows from the bottom of the absorber to a flash vessel where physically absorbed gas species such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and methane are removed. The solution is then sent to the stripper where the carbon monoxide is released from the complex by heating and pressure reduction to about 0.15 MPa (1.5 atm). The solvent is stripped of residual carbon monoxide, heat-exchanged with the stripper feed, and pumped to the top of the absorber to complete the cycle. 

Fig. 3. Schematic process flow diagram for an imitation cheese product having the following formulation dry ingredients, calcium caseinate (or rennet casein), 24.5 wt % tapioca flour, 3.0 wt % salt, 2.16 wt % adipic acid, 0.6 wt % vitamins and minerals, 0.1 wt % sorbic acid (mold inhibitor), 0.5 wt % fat—color blend, soybean oil hydrogenated to a Wiley melting point of 36°C, 21.3 wt % lactylated monoglycerides, 0.05 wt % red-orange coloring, 0.01 wt...

Figure 8-4. A flow diagram for the hydration of propylene to isopropanol (1) propylene recovery column, (2) reactor, (3) residual gas separation column, (4) aqueous - isopropanol azeotropic distillation column, (5) drying column, (6) isopropyl ether separator, (7) isopropyl ether extraction.

Extraction Procedure B. Figure 1 gives a flow diagram for this fractionation procedure, which was based on a modification of the simplified methods described by Serve et al. (20) and Hartley and Buchan (21). Two grams of ground dried sunflower leaves were added... 

Figure 4.2 presents a simplified flow diagram of the ENCOAL Liquid from Coal (LFC) process. The process upgrades low-rank coals to two fuels, Process-Derived Coal (PDF ) and Coal-Derived Liquid (CDL ). Coal is first crushed and screened to about 50 mm by 3 mm and conveyed to a rotary grate dryer, where it is heated and dried by a hot gas stream under controlled conditions. The gas temperature and solids residence time are controlled so that the moisture content of the coal is reduced but pyrolysis reactions are not initiated. Under the drier operating conditions most of the coal moisture content is released however, releases of methane, carbon dioxide, and monoxide are minimal. The dried coal is then transferred to a pyrolysis reactor, where hot recycled gas heats the coal to about 540°C. The solids residence time... 

There are a number of possible effluents shown on the flow diagram for process F (Fig. 6). However, a survey of the industry showed that most operating plants either recycled any wastewater to extinction or used dry clean-up processes. Occasionally, water will be used for clean-up. 

Figure 2 General process flow diagram for halogerated aliphatic acid production facilities. Major processes for pesticide production, including chlorination, cooling, crystallization, centrifying, and drying. The salt of the pesticide is produced by another route (from Ref. 8).

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