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Drugs, response anesthesia

There are several clinical applications for neuromuscular blockade. The most important by far is the induction of muscle relaxation during anesthesia for effective surgery. Without such drugs deeper anesthesia, requiring more anesthetic, would be needed to achieve the same degree of muscle relaxation tracheal intubation would also be impossible because of strong reflex response to tube insertion. It is the decreased need for anesthetics, however, that represents increased surgical safety. [Pg.374]

General anesthesia is a state of drug-induced reversible inhibition of central nervous function, during which surgical procedures can be carried out in the absence of consciousness, responsiveness to pain, defensive or involuntary movements, and significant autonomic reflex responses (A). [Pg.216]

Although opioid anesthesia is particularly useful in patients with compromised myocardial function, the opioids depress respiration by inhibiting the responsiveness of the medullary respiratory center to PCO2 and alter the rhythm of breathing. Consequently, it is necessary to assist ventilation intraoperatively. Since respiratory depression may extend into the postoperative period as a result of drug accumulation in the tissues, the use of opioids whose clearances are slow, remain most appropriate for patients who are expected to require postoperative ventilatory care. [Pg.298]

The acute effects of depressants can include euphoria, anxiety reduction, anticonvulsant activity, sedation, ataxia, motor incoordination, impaired judgment, anesthesia, coma, and respiratory depression resulting in death. The benzodiazepines are rarely involved in lethality, but all CNS depressants enhance the effects of other depressant drugs. The physiological effects of high-dose depressants include miosis, shallow respiration, and reduction in reflex responses. [Pg.412]

Etomidate is a carboxylated imidazole that can be used for induction of anesthesia in patients with limited cardiovascular reserve. Its major advantage over other intravenous anesthetics is that it causes minimal cardiovascular and respiratory depression. Etomidate produces a rapid loss of consciousness, with minimal hypotension even in elderly patients with poor cardiovascular reserve. The heart rate is usually unchanged, and the incidence of apnea is low. The drug has no analgesic effects, and coadministration of opioid analgesics is required to decrease cardiac responses during tracheal intubation and to lessen spontaneous muscle movements. Following an induction dose, initial recovery from etomidate is less rapid (< 10 minutes) compared with recovery from propofol. [Pg.553]

The mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity from halothane remain unclear, but studies in animals have implicated the formation of reactive metabolites that either cause direct hepatocellular damage (eg, free radical intermediates) or initiate immune-mediated responses. With regard to the latter mechanism, serum from patients with halothane hepatitis contains a variety of autoantibodies against hepatic proteins, many of which are in a trifluoroacetylated form. These trifluoroacetylated proteins could be formed in the hepatocyte during the biotransformation of halothane by liver drug-metabolizing enzymes. However, TFA proteins have also been identified in the sera of patients who did not develop hepatitis after halothane anesthesia. [Pg.596]

Ashton (1995) observed that BZs can blunt the emotions in general, producing emotional anesthesia. He reported, Former long-term benzodiazepine users often bitterly regret their lack of emotional response to family events during the period that they were taking the drugs. Ashton also observed that BZs can precipitate suicide in already depressed patients. [Pg.326]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.128 ]




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