Drug orientation

Besides bettering the clinical spectrum of cisplatin itself, some of these desired improvements could be incorporated into analogues, and an increasingly important aspect of the drug-oriented research involves development and clinical testing of second-generation platinum complexes. In accordance with the requirements outlined above, the selection of potentially useful drugs involves the search for complexes which satisfy one, or all, of three basic criteria ... 

The sections. Topics in Chemistry and Topics in Biology contain chapters which are often more provocative and less drug oriented than the rest. In the latter section the emphasis on the rapidly maturing field of immunology is deliberate some of these chapter topics will be developed in a planned way over the next two or three years. 

It is one of the peculiarities of herbal drugs that their indications have for the most part been determijied empirically. The reason is easily understood most herbal drugs have been used for a very long time to alleviate or cure illnesses and more especially disorders. Their introduction in therapeutics happened at a time when pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were unknown concepts, when there was no Medicines Act to require proof of the quality, efficacy, and innocuity of herbal medicines. Today, when introducing a new medicine, extensive investigations are required in the interest of safety. To many the requirement of the proof of activity of such a drug as chamomile appears to be superfluous, but nevertheless, as a representative of a scientifically oriented pharma-... 

The line of reasoning that leads from morphine to the 4-phenyl-piperidines is so clear—if unhistoric—as to demand exposition in an integral chapter. The chronologically oriented chapter on the development of the local anesthetics is included specifically to give the reader some appreciation of one of the first approaches to drug development. 

The aromatic portion of the molecules discussed in this chapter is frequently, if not always, an essential contributor to the intensity of their pharmacological action. It is, however, usually the aliphatic portion that determines the nature of that action. Thus it is a common observation in the practice Ilf medicinal chemistry that optimization of potency in these drug classes requires careful attention to the correct spatial orientation of the functional groups, their overall electronic densities, and the contribution that they make to the molecule s solubility in biological fluids. These factors are most conveniently adjusted by altering the substituents on the aromatic ring. 

After the nursing diagnoses are formulated, the nurse develops expected outcomes, which are patient oriented. An expected outcome is a direct statement of nurse-patient goals to be achieved. The expected outcome describes the maximum level of wellness that is reasonably attainable for the patient. For example, common expected patient outcomes related to drug administration, in general, include ... 

OXAZOLIDINEDIONES. Drowsiness is the most common adverse reaction and, as with the other anticonvulsants, tends to subside with continued use Visual disturbances may also occur. The patient with a visual disturbance is assisted with ambulation and oriented carefully to the environment. The nurse ensures that the environment is safe The patient may be especially sensitive to bright lights and may want the room light to be kept dim. Because photosensitivity can occur, the nurse must keep the patient out of the sun. The nurse instructs the patient to use sunscreens and protective clothing until the individual effects of the drug are known. 

Executive responsibility for the administration of regulations at national level is divested in dedicated agencies. Although distinct from government departments, the Ministers of Health are the usual political masters of these national Competent Authorities. Eor example, the authority in Ireland is known as the Irish Medicines Board (IMB) and it covers both drugs and devices. Similar to the EMEA, the authorities are scientific and technical in orientation and are guided by various advisory panels. Their main tasks include ... 

---