Drug development effective concentrations

The goals of treatment are to maximally and durably suppress viral replication, avoid the development of drug resistance, restore and preserve immune function, prevent opportunistic infections, and minimize drug adverse effects. Elimination of HIV is not possible with currently available therapies. Instead, maximal suppression of viral replication (defined as HIV RNA concentrations undetectable by the most sensitive... 

The ideal solubility equation has significant value in chiral systems, where a single enantiomer is desired as the product [20]. The behaviour of chiral compounds is very important in biological systems and in drug development, where it is typical for just one enantiomer of an API to be biologically active. The undesired enantiomer may be inert, or possess more serious toxicity effects, as in the case of Thalidomide. Many enantiomeric systems form three discrete solid phases, depending on the solution concentration. Pure crystals of each enantiomer will form at high concentrations of their respective enantiomer. At... 

There are some unique challenges for animals that produce toxin, particularly venoms. The toxin must be concentrated and stored in large enough dose to be effective but without being toxic to the animal that produces it. After a quick delivery, the toxin must be rapidly absorbed and act quickly to defeat that prey s response. Many toxins are the envy of the drug developers. 

Oral absorption of carbamazepine is quite slow and often erratic. Its half-life is reported to vary from 12 to 60 hours in humans. The development of blood level assays has markedly improved the success of therapy with this drug, since serum concentration is only partially dose related. Carbamazepine is metabolized in the liver, and there is evidence that its continued administration leads to hepatic enzyme induction. Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide is a pharmacologically active metabolite with significant anticonvulsant effects of its own. 

This section deals with the question of whether there are quantitatively detectable and interpretable correlations between the dose of an administered drug, or the concentration of a drug and its metabolites measured in the blood or plasma (blood or plasma level), and the therapeutic action or side effects observed. Investigations relating to questions of this type are called PK PD (pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic) studies. The PK PD analysis is a bidirectional approach pharmacokinetics represent what the body does with a drug, and pharmacodynamics describes what a drug does to the body. The PK PD analyses are key elements of early drug development, and PK PD trials are able to answer specific disease-related efficacy and safety questions. 

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