Drug accountability management

After 1987, senior managers emphasized the importance of improving performance of their pharmaceuticals by increasing R D expenditures. As a result, by 1989 prescription drugs accounted for 30 percent of sales and... 

In comparing drugs, a P T committee might use three different approaches inventory management, cost accounting, and clinical decision analysis [22]. The inventory management model assumes that all agents in a class are equivalent on safety, efficacy, and... 

JECFA is a scientific advisory body established in tire 1950s, prior to the establishment of the CAC. Over the past 40 years, it has provided independent scientific advice to all FAO and WHO member countries. The traditional and current activities of JECFA are mainly in the area of risk assessment, not risk management. To some extent, however, JECFA activities also touch on risk management. Risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication constitute the three basic elements of risk analysis that are taken into account in the Codex procedure for setting MRLs of veterinary drug residues in foods (Table 11.1). 

When a veterinary drug is used for both meat and dairy animals, the ADI breakdown between meat and milk is done by trial and error. This is a decision pertaining to risk management. The MRL values may be reduced to take into account the normal conditions under which a particular veterinary drug is used when these lower MRL values can always be controlled by a viable analytical method. 

Waste Management offers its employees family assistance, a prescription drug plan, dental plan, flexible spending accounts, education savings accounts, scholarship... 

Thus the prevention and control of disease, for example, has to take account of this complexity, and simple remedies may have complicated consequences. Since organic animal production has to operate without the routine use of drugs, disease control has to depend on management, appropriate stocking rates, encouragement of natural resistance and appropriate use of animal species and strains. 

In potency, pethidine is graded between codeine and morphine (50-100 mg is equivalent to 10 mg morphine in man),(2) and it is useful for the management of mild to moderate pain, especially in patients intolerant to opioids. Its toxicity is relatively low and its duration of action is somewhat shorter than that of morphine. At equivalent dosage, pethidine is at least as depressant as morphine upon respiration and while morphinelike side effects such as nausea and vomiting frequently occur, it produces little disturbance of urinary function or bowel action. It is extensively used for the relief of labor pain even though it increases the incidence of delay on the first breath and cry of the neonate (3) several critical reports on the efficacy of the drug in obstetrics have been made.(4) Tolerance to pethidine develops slowly, and its dependence liability is claimed to be lower than that of morphine.(5) Full accounts of the clinical use of pethidine are available.(4,6)... 

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