Drift profile

For the application of most liquid products, the droplet size of the emitted spray is the most important criterion. As is highlighted in the following sections, coverage levels, drift profiles and efficacy are all strongly influenced by the size of the droplets generated by an aircraft. Consequently, for optimisation, a detailed knowledge of nozzle performance and the characteristics of formulations is required. 

The IMS response for a compound is strongly dependent on temperature, pressure, analyte concen-tration/vapour pressure, and proton affinity (or elec-tron/reagent affinity). Pressure mainly affects the drift time, and spectral profiles are governed by concentration and ionisation properties of the analyte. Complex interactions among analytes in a mixture can yield an ambiguous number of peaks (less, equal to, or greater than the number of analytes) with unpredictable relative intensities. IMS is vulnerable to either matrix or sample complexity. 

Figure 8 Left Schematic graph of the setup for the simulation of rubbing surfaces. Upper and lower walls are separated by a fluid or a boundary lubricant of thickness D. The outermost layers of the walls, represented by a dark color, are often treated as a rigid unit. The bottom most layer is fixed in a laboratory system, and the upper most layer is driven externally, for instance, by a spring of stiffness k. Also shown is a typical, linear velocity profile for a confined fluid with finite velocities at the boundary. The length at which the fluid s drift velocity would extrapolate to the wall s velocity is called the slip length A. Right The top wail atoms in the rigid top layer are set onto their equilibrium sites or coupled elastically to them. The remaining top wall atoms interact through interatomic potentials, which certainly may be chosen to be elastic.

Figures 3(a) and 3(b) show the computed fraction profiles of component A and B in the liquid film corresponding to, respectively, run 1 and run 6 from Table 1. Figure 3(a) shows that low fractions of A and B produce straight profiles, whereas high fractions of A and B result in curved profiles [see Fig. 3(b)]. The latter is due to the fact that the mass fluxes consist of a diffusive part as well as a convective (i.e. drift) part. This is also the reason why the fraction of B possesses a gradient, although the flux of component B equals zero.

The frequency of a single-mode laser inside the spectral gain profile of its active medium is mainly determined by the eigenfrequency of the active laser cavity mode. Therefore any instability of resonator parameters, such as variation of cavity length, mirror vibrations or thermal drifts of the refractive index will show up as frequency fluctuations and drifts of the laser line. 

A disadvantage of the LR-CPMG detection method is its total insensitivity to field/frequency offset which must be adjusted before a profile measurement and cannot be corrected by means of a simple procedure during an automatic profile measurement. This requires a higher degree of longterm field stability (including any thermal effects) than the other methods. Despite the insensitivity of the technique, in fact, the field may not be allowed to drift too far from resonance where the RF pulses would lose their efficiency (excursions up to about 5 kHz are, however, quite tolerable). 

As a consequence of random variations in the propagation characteristics of individual charge carriers, an initially discrete packet of carriers will necessary broaden out in profile as it drifts across a specimen. For the carriers that move exclusively in extended states, this dispersion results from statistical variations in scattering processes and may be described in terms of a diffusion coefficient D, which is related to the carrier mobility via Einstein relation... 

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