Domestic controls for organic

There are no controls on production or labelling of organic foods in New Zealand, however the introduction of a national standard would facilitate the introduction of domestic standards in both New Zealand and Australia. One hurdle to overcome is the considerable 

---

Vaccines are by far the most important immunological products. They have enabled the control or eradication of numerous infectious diseases affecting humans and their domesticated animals. For example, the systematic application of smallpox vaccine, deployed under the aegis of the World Health Organization, achieved the eradication of... 

United States Pharmacopeia. Reference standards are requited in many USP and NF tests, and in a few FCC tests. The USPC distributes such standards domestically and has authorized international distribution by a number of organizations or companies. There are well over 1000 USP Reference Standards, including several for melting points, and also specimens of narcotics and other controlled substances. New standards are constantly under development as needed in various USP, NF, and FCC testing methods. 

A similar process has been devised by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (8) for extraction of nickel and cobalt from United States laterites. The reduction temperature is lowered to 525°C and the hoi ding time for the reaction is 15 minutes. An ammoniacal leach is also employed, but oxidation is controlled, resulting in high extraction of nickel and cobalt into solution. Mixers and settlers are added to separate and concentrate the metals in solution. Organic strippers are used to selectively remove the metals from the solution. The metals are then removed from the strippers. In the case of cobalt, spent cobalt electrolyte is used to separate the metal-containing solution and the stripper. MetaUic cobalt is then recovered by electrolysis from the solution. Using this method, 92.7 wt % nickel and 91.4 wt % cobalt have been economically extracted from domestic laterites containing 0.73 wt % nickel and 0.2 wt % cobalt (8). 

Tables 27-1 to 27-3 have concentrated on the personnel makeup of control agencies. For a broader look at places of employment. Table 27-4 shows where 8037 members of the Air Pollution Control Association (APCA) of the United States and Canada worked in 1982. (This list includes foreign as well as domestic members of APCA but does not include the membership of the air pollution control associations of other countries.) This table shows that only 10.7% of the members work in control agencies. This table gives a somewhat distorted picture because in many air pollution organizations only the senior executive, professional, and scientific personnel belong to APCA, whereas the total North American workforce in air pollution includes several times the 8037 membership total who are in junior, technical, service, or manual sectors and are not association members. These numbers could be still greater if those engaged in this work outside North America were included. The Air Pollution Control Association changed its name to the Air and Waste Management Association in 1988. The Air and Waste Management Association had a membership of over 14,000 in 1993, but only a portion of the members were active in the air pollution profession.

Other microwave-assisted parallel processes, for example those involving solid-phase organic synthesis, are discussed in Section 7.1. In the majority of the cases described so far, domestic multimode microwave ovens were used as heating devices, without utilizing specialized reactor equipment. Since reactions in household multimode ovens are notoriously difficult to reproduce due to the lack of temperature and pressure control, pulsed irradiation, uneven electromagnetic field distribution, and the unpredictable formation of hotspots (Section 3.2), in most contemporary published methods dedicated commercially available multimode reactor systems for parallel processing are used. These multivessel rotor systems are described in detail in Section 3.4. 

---