Disturbing influences

Interchanging the wavelengths of the analytical lines in Figure 7-5 will reverse the effect of the disturbing influence. 

Chigiefl211 found that turbulence in a liquid jet has important disturbing influences throughout the liquid flow. At the liquid surface, turbulent velocity fluctuations directly cause protuberances and roughness that result in direct stripping by surrounding air flow. Large eddy structures in the air flow penetrate into the liquid and... 

It is desirable to have much higher current density values available for investigation without the disturbing influences of a limiting rate of diffusion or inclusion in the... 

When r = oo, the disturbing influence of the particle has been damped away and the streamlines behave as if the particle was not present. 

Figures 7.9 and 7.10 show the evolution of the compositions and temperatures on representative column stages for a small step change in the feed flow rate. According to our theory, this disturbance influences the slow material-balance dynamics and has very little impact on the fast energy dynamics of the column. Indeed, while there are significant (albeit slow) changes in the stage compositions,...

It is therefore necessary to add components to the electrolyte already before the electrolysis, which react so rapidly with the intermediately occurring diazo-bodies that the latter is withdrawn from the other disturbing influences. 

The irradiation of a low concentration aqueous solution (e.g., degassed or saturated with inert gases to prevent the disturbing influence of oxygen, or saturated with N2O to promote some reactions) of a water-soluble polymer is the most common way to form hydrogels in the micrometer or submicrometer range. The gel... 

When all the orbitals of a degenerate group are equally occupied [e.g. d/, dy, d/,. .. in octahedral or tetrahedral situations) the resultant nonbonding charge density has the same symmetry as the system of bonds and is without disturbing influence upon them. Thus, (TiClg) - (d ), [Cr(NH3)g] (d/), [FeFg]3- (d/dy2), and (d/d/) all have perfect octahedral... 

Because of the very small effects expected and, consequently, the immense experimental difficulties involved in measuring them, techniques are not yet well developed which make use of these properties. The bulk of the work has made use of the disturbing influence of high-frequency sound-waves on reacting solutions, and the remainder of this section will discuss briefly the application of acoustical methods to the study of chemical relaxation. 

It was SoEENSEN (1909) who pointed out that proteins and their decomposition products are capable in many instances of disturbing the colorimetric pH determination. The influence of proteins lies in their amphoteric character which enables them to bind (adsorb) both acid and basic dyes. Although the effect of proteins on different indicators can not be predicted specifically, the disturbing influence generally seems to be strongest on the ac d side of the isoelectric point. The effect of decomposition products is much less marked than that of the true proteins themselves. 

It is likely that an attacker has perfect knowledge about tlie original data for some part of the data set. In this case, the attacker simply replaces tlie watennarked data by the original data, thus erasing the watermark from the specific data elements. In general we found that reliable watermark detection can be acliieved even for a substitution of 80% of the watennarked data elements. However, this is only possible when many data elements are available at tlie decoder. Thus, it is worth to select for the watermarking process only data elements which are unlikely to be known by an attacker. The disturbing influence of data replacement can be prevented tliis way. 

In a somewhat different approach, Slsldo et al.(34) studied cholesteryl 3- (1-pyrenyl)propanoate (CP .) in a mixture containing 40% (by weight) of cholesteryl 3-(l naphthyl)-propanoate (CNF ). At least in theory, placing the pyrenyl group within one of the constituent cholesteric molecules should decrease its disturbing influence on the phase order and increase the anisotropy of its diffusion. 

The mathematical treatment of velocity equations here outlined is in no way difficult, although, perhaps, some practice is still requisite in the manipulation of laboratory results. The following selection illustrates what may be expected in practical work if the reaction is not affected by disturbing influences. 

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