Distribution of kinetic energies

In a plasma, the constituent atoms, ions, and electrons are made to move faster by an electromagnetic field and not by application of heat externally or through combustion processes. Nevertheless, the result is the same as if the plasma had been heated externally the constituent atoms, ions, and electrons are made to move faster and faster, eventually reaching a distribution of kinetic energies that would be characteristic of the Boltzmann equation applied to a gas that had been... 

Clearly, the plot of Figure 8-3 contains information about the distribution of kinetic energies. From the rate of rotation of the discs and the distance between them we can calculate the velocity an atom must have to condense on a particular pie slice. From the atomic mass and its velocity, we learn the atom s kinetic energy. Figure 8-4 shows the result. At a temperature Tt... 

Consider a monatomic gas such as heiium or argon. Recaii from Chapter 5 that the atoms of this gas move continuousiy with a distribution of kinetic energies. The totai energy of these random movements is caiied thermai... 

A stabie moiecuie such as N2 O4 does not decompose unless it first acquires the energy needed to break one of its bonds. Recall from Section 6- that any collection of molecules has a distribution of kinetic energies. Molecular collisions can convert kinetic energy of one molecule into vibrational energy of another molecule, giving some molecules enough energy to break apart. 

In Fig. 2 the correlation between the electron distribution curve (EDC) of the solid sample and the distribution of kinetic energies is sketched. The binding energies of the electronic levels can be calculated from the kinetic energy by... 

How does the distribution of kinetic energy change as the temperature of a substance increases Figure 6.11 shows the distribution of kinetic... 

At any given temperature, there is a wide distribution of kinetic energies in reactant molecules. Some are moving slowly and others quickly. As discussed in Chapter 1, the temperature of a material is simply the average of all these kinetic... 

With more conventional photoelectron spectroscopy (PES), the photon energy is fixed and the distribution of kinetic energies of the electrons produced by photoionization determined. The latter distribution reflects the distribution of ion internal states produced. Photoelectron spectroscopy has been applied to determine vibrational-state distributions at the same photon wavelengths at which an ion-molecule reaction was studied using photoionization methods (Fig. 4).86d... 

Unfortunately ions produced in the source are formed under less than ideal conditions (Fig. 21). Ions with the same m/z may have a distribution of kinetic energies consequently, the ions have different flight times and arrive at the detector at different times (Fig. 21A). Furthermore, ions with the same m/z can be formed at different locations in the source (Fig. 21B). This spatial distribution... 

The distribution of kinetic energies among the molecules in a sample is given by the Boltzmann distribution. 

Without a doubt, a complete picture of the dynamics of dissociative chemisorption and the relevant parameters which govern these mechanisms would be incredibly useful in studying and improving industrially relevant catalysis and surface reaction processes. For example, the dissociation of methane on a supported metal catalyst surface is the rate limiting step in the steam reforming of natural gas, an initial step in the production of many different industrial chemicals [1]. Precursor-mediated dissociation has been shown to play a dominant role in epitaxial silicon growth from disilane, a process employed to produce transistors and various microelectronic devices [2]. An examination of the Boltzmann distribution of kinetic energies for a gas at typical industrial catalytic reactor conditions (T 1000 K)... 

One of the biggest disadvantages of MALDI-TOF MS is its low resolution. For small proteins, the resolution of a linear TOF MS is around 1 500 (i.e., an ion with m/z of 10,000 can be distinguished from an equally abundant ion with a m/z of 10,020). The low resolution is due partly to the fact the ions produced by MALDI do not have uniform kinetic energy, but a distribution of kinetic energies. Thus, ions with the same m/z ratio arrive at the detector at different times giving rise to broad peaks and hence reducing the observed resolution. There are two ways in which the resolution can be increased. 

There is a definite distribution of velocities and kinetic energies amongst the various molecules of a gas. The distribution of kinetic energies at two different temperatures is shown in figure 1 molecules having energies more than the threshold energy E are represented by the shaded portion under the curves. 

The distribution of kinetic energy along the x,y and z-directions is given by... 

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