Reflectance distribution

Figure 10-12. Lcfi hand side Slruclure of a PPV microcavily. A thin film of ihe conjugated polymer is deposited on top of a highly reflective distributed Bragg refieclor (DBR). The second mirror is then fabricated by evaporation of a silver layer. Right hand side Emission spectra of the microcavily at excitation cnetgics or 0.0S pJ (dashed line) and l. l pJ (solid line), respectively. Laser pulses ol duration 200-300 ps and a wavelength of 355 nm were used for optical excitation (according to Ref. [39]).

Smoking of a single cigarette yields peak plasma levels in the range of 25-50 ng/mL. The effects described on p. 110 become evident When intake stops, nicotine concentration in plasma shows an initial rapid fall, reflecting distribution into tissues, and a terminal elimination phase with a half-life of 2 h. Nicotine is degraded by oxidation. 

Figure 33. Spectral reflectance distribution of blue ultramarine...

Let Nobj be the normal vector of the patch, let N/, be the normal vector that points to the direction of the light source, and let Ny be the normal vector that points to the direction of the viewer. Let / (N/.) be the irradiance falling onto the patch, and L(Ny) be the radiance leaving the patch in the direction of the viewer. The fraction of the radiance relative to the irradiance falling onto the patch is called the bidirectional reflectance distribution function... 

Figure 3.14 The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) specifies how much of the incident light coming from direction (6l,

Figure 3. Reflectance distribution of macerals in tymcal coals with the same maceral contents but of different ranks ( liptinite (Uj vitrinite inertinite)...

Figure 6.22 Angle dependence of the reflectance at a wavelength of 532 nm for various substrate and absorber configurations, (a) Planar and a microporous Xi02 film on SnOi/glass at vertical hght incidence the specular reflectance peak disappears in the microporous films and a cosine reflectance distribution with no specular feature is obtained (b) When a thin CdTe film is deposited on the structured Xi02, the overall...

Fig. 4.4 Example of reflectance distributions for various maceral groups in a kerogen sample.

Sometimes it is important to consider the direction of reflected irradiation exitent from a surface. A property called the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) is used to specify the directional distribution of the reflected intensity for a specified direction of incident radiation [2-4]. A specular surface is a mirrorlike surface for which the incidence angle is equal to the reflection angle. For a diffusely reflecting surface, the reflected intensity is the same in all directions, and if perfectly reflective, the BRDF is l/n sr. ... 

The reflected spectral radiance depends on the distribution of the surrounding radiation incident on the target and the bidirectional reflectance distribution function of the target, and except for well-controlled environments or in some limited cases, is difficult to determine. 

In Equation 17.22, the body is considered as a single homogeneous pool of body fluids as described above for digoxin. For most drugs, however, two or three distinct pools of distribution space appear to exist. This condition results in a time-dependent decrease in the measurable blood or plasma concentration, which reflects distribution into other bod pools independent of the body s ability to eliminate the drug. Figure 17.3 describes mean serum IFN-a concentrations after a 40-min intravenous infusion as well as after intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of the same dose. Note the logarithmic biphasic nature of the mean plasma concentration-time curve after the intravenous infusion. This biphasic nature represents both the distribution and elimination processes. 

Figure 15. Diffuse reflectance distributions used to measure tissue absorption and scattering properties non-invasively. (a,b) principle of the technique, showing light entering a point on the tissue surface and the measured radial distribution of the diffusely reflected (backscattered) light that depends on the tissue absorption and scattering properties, (c) external surface probe (courtesy Dr M. Patterson, Hamilton, Canada), (d) endoscopic probe (courtesy Dr R. Bays and colleagues, Lausanne, Switzerland) in this case the distribution is measured along the probe from light input at the end, with the probe placed flat on the tissue (e.g. esophagus) surface.

At 0300 UTC 9 Jun, the rainfall in Lingui and Dutou ware more than 30 mm, with obvious eonveetional features. The reflectivity distribution (Fig. 3a) on 9 June 2013 showed that the heavy rain convective echo in Du tou and Lujiao villages was a bow echo which moved from southwest to northeast. It finally evolved to a heavy precipitation super cell. 

Bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) n. The ratio of radiance per unit irradiance, used for describing the... 

Total internal reflection Distributed Bragg reflection... 

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