Distribution geographic dispersion

A small manufacturer of a little-known brand may find it difiScult to attract supply chain members for its existing or new product offerings. Such a manufacturer lacks market power when entering supply chain negotiations. Also, since financial resources determine a manufacturer s ability to perform marketing functions internally, small manufacturers usually cannot afford to distribute directly to retailers or geographically dispersed industrial customers and must rely on wholesalers. Furthermore, in some locations acceptable middlemen may not be available in every line of trade. Firms in this situation include some manufacturers of electrical supplies and small hand tools. 

Two different interpretations of the term Distributed Manufacturing (DM) exist The first one refers to the concept of creating value at geographically dispersed manufacturing locations of one enterprise (Kiihnle 2010). The second interpretation of DM is in the context of Distributed Manufacturing Systems (DMS), which are... 

Electricity distribution systems are characterized by being widely geographically dispersed, having vast numbers of relatively simple components which together constitute a complex system. Most of the... 

Federgruen and Heching [52] consider the problem of joint pricing and inventory-control problem in distribution systems with geographically dispersed retailers. They assume the distribution of demand in each period, at a given retailer, depends on the item s price according to a stochastic demand function. These stochastic demand functions may vary by retailer and by period. A distribution center place orders with an outside supplier at the beginning of some... 

In the SRI report (2) the release information on benzene was used with atmospheric dispersion models and data on geographic distribution of population to obtain aggregate exposure estimates (shown in Table IV). 

In general, it may never be possible to prove that species dispersal is facilitated by dredging, shellfish transplants,or boat traffic. Here again we are faced with mechanisms that are theoretically possible but that may be of minor practical concern relative to the introduction of cysts to new areas through advective transport of established blooms. There is little doubt that this latter mechanism has been, and will continue to be, of major importance to the geographic distribution of the toxic Gonyaulax species. 

Once the emission factors and their variability are estimated, dispersion models can be used in order to enable point data to be interpreted in terms of geographical distribution of source contributions, as suggested by the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). This could serve as a basis for calculating the collective exposure of the population living in the area and for assessing air quality with respect to the limit values. Dispersion models are based on the use of meteorological data, modules to account with physico-chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere and EFs. 

In this context, modern geographical information systems (GIS) represent an indispensable tool for better understanding the distribution, dispersion and interaction processes of some toxic and potentially toxic elements. Discussion on the use of GIS in the urban environment is, therefore, also provided. 

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