Distribution, Blood Vessels Network

From a drug s site of administration, the blood is the predominant medium of transport of the molecules through the body to the drug s final destination. Conventionally, the blood is treated as a simple compartment, although the vascular system is highly complex and consists of an estimated 96, 000 km of 

In the light of these network flow considerations, the distribution of drugs in the body can be classified into two broad categories. The distribution process 

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Beyond nanosizing, the optimization of morphology is possible (e.g. by directed introduction of porosity into materials) [58, 69, 70], In combination with a liquid electrolyte, which can penetrate the pores, distribution networks for Li+ ions can be formed. With hierarchical pores, such distribution networks resemble the network of blood vessels in the human body, which by itself is a highly efficient distribution network (see Figure 3.5.14). 

Oil and gas production systems, drainage networks, supply (delivery) networks, evacuation networks, flows of information on the Internet towards a common destination, wireless networks transferring information from Wi-Fi access points to a wired access point that coimect to the Internet, root network of plants, river basin systems, water distribution systems, the blood vessel system of animals, the morphology of the human limgs, certain data collection networks, etc. are all examples of flow networks with merging flows. In an oil and gas production system or a drainage system for example, the branches correspond to the components characterised by flow capacities while the nodes are notional, used to represent the topology of the network where the streams flow into another stream. 

The cardiovascular system is described as a highway network, which includes a pumping station (the heart), a working fluid (blood), a complex branching configuration of distributing and collecting pipes and channels (the blood vessels), and a sophisticated means for both intrinsic (inherent) and extrinsic... 

Some ascidians possess two more cellulosic structures other than the tunic. These cellulosic structures have been observed by scanning electron microscopy after treatment with the Updegraff reagent (Updegraff 1969) that removes non-cellulosic substances. One of these cellulosic structures is a cellulose network that is distributed in the hemocoel (the tissue equivalent to a blood vessel of vertebrates) (Kimura and Itoh 1997), and the other is a coiled cord-like structure called the tunic cord (Kimura and Itoh 1998). 

The classical view of blood flow control involved the action of vasomotor influences on a set of vessels called the resistance vessels, generally arterioles and small arteries smaller than about 100 to 150 )u.m in diameter, which controlled flow to and within an organ [56]. The notion of precapillary sphincters that control flow in individual capillaries has been abandoned in favor of the current notion that the terminal arterioles control the flow in small capfllary networks that branch off of these arterioles. In recent years, it has become clear that the resistance to blood flow is distributed over a wider range of vessel branching orders with diameters up to 500 /um. There are mechanisms to be discussed in Section 59.4.2 that are available for coordinating the actions of local control processes over wider regions. 

Lymphatic system The main function of the lymphatic system is to extract, transport, and metabolize lymph, which is the fluid found in between cells. It is a defense system for the body, filtering out organisms that cause disease, producing white blood cells, and generating disease-fighting antibodies. It also distributes fluids and nutrients in the body, and drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels that help circulate body fluids. These vessels carry excess fluid away from the spaces between tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream. 

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