Distillation recovery factor

However, technological advances related to the development of new membranes operations and innovative strategies of process design, have partially overcome this limitation. Membrane distillation, for example, is not subject to osmotic-pressure limitation and can be therefore employed in integrated systems when high permeate recovery factors or retentate concentrations are requested. 

Mol fraction solvent component in vapor Mol fraction steam in vapor Percent recovery of, i, in the bottoms Percent recovery of, i, in the distillate Compressibility factor Mol fraction component, i, in feed Mol fraction component, i, in feed, j Mol fraction component, i, in sidestream Mol fraction component, i, in sidestream, k... 

The determination of total volatile acids as a routine operational parameter is traditionally done by distillation of sludge or wastewater filtrate followed by titration of the distillate [30]. This is an empirical method where instructions have to be followed carefully and a recovery factor has to be determined. It has been, and still is practiced in many wastewater and sludge-treatment facilities that often have long-term experience... 

For it is clear that all uncertainties are small, and the total uncertainty is 4.1 %. In many cases water samples are distilled and the resulting mixture of sample and LS cocktail is very well controlled. Then, in principle, it is not necessary to apply a quenchcurve. A recovery factor obtained by an external standard should be sufficient. In those cases it is recommended to take (the standard deviation of) at least five external standards. 

The component C in the separated extract from the stage contact shown in Eigure 1 may be separated from the solvent B by distillation (qv), evaporation (qv), or other means, allowing solvent B to be reused for further extraction. Alternatively, the extract can be subjected to back-extraction (stripping) with solvent A under different conditions, eg, a different temperature again, the stripped solvent B can be reused for further extraction. Solvent recovery (qv) is an important factor in the economics of industrial extraction processes. 

As an example, the battery-limits capital cost can be estimated for the production of 10,000 t/yr of ethylene (qv) from ethanol (11). Seven processing blocks, ie, vaporizer, reactor, water quench, compressor, dryer, distillation, and energy recovery, can be identified. The highest temperature is 350°C (reactor), and the highest pressure is about 1.7 MPa (17 atm) (compressor, two towers). If a materials-pressure factor, + of 1.03 is assumed, then for N = 7 0 = 0.87 1/0 = 1 64 and f =0 K = 6.3. This gives the 1981 cost as 4.4 X 10 . The 1991 battery-Hmits investment can be obtained, by updating with the CE Plant Cost Index, as 5.3 x 10 . ... 

Another factor increasing the cost of distillation in ion exchange regenerant recovery is the need for supplying reflux to the rectifying columns. The boil-up for the reboilers is the distillate product plus the reflux, where in direct distillation the reboiler has to vaporize only the product. 

The results mostly show that the optimiser has been able to adjust the reflux and reboil ratios and the distillation time in such a way as to increase the total amount collected (i.e., the objective function), the capacity factor (productivity). Greaves et al. (2003) included another performance index (%Recovery of key component) in addition to CAP and the conclusions remained the same. 

The solvent extraction process consists of the unit operations of solvent extraction, meal desolventizing, meal drying and cooling, miscella distillation, and solvent recovery. These unit operations are highly interrelated, primarily because of various heat recovery methods that link the operations together. A process upset in any one of the unit operations will typically cause abnormal operation in the others. The key to efficient solvent extraction operation is process consistency. Consistency of seed preparation, consistency of rate, and consistency of solvent extraction operating parameters are all important factors in operating a safe, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective solvent extraction process for oil extraction. 

The ideal solvent would be easily recovered from the extract. For example, if distillation is the method of recovery, the solvent-solute mixture should have a high relative volatility, low heat of vaporization of the solute, and a high equilibrium distribution coefficient. A high distribution coefficient will translate to a low solvent requirement and a low extract rate fed to the solvent recovery column. These factors will minimize the capital and operating costs associated with the distillation system. In addition to the recovery aspects, the solvent should have a high selectivity (ratio of distribution coefficients), be immiscible with the carrier, have a low viscosity, and have a high density difference (compared to the carrier) and a moderately low interfacial tension. 

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