Fractional Distillation, Elements

J. Boeseken, and A. Stock. A. Smits and H. L. de Leeuw purified the element by distillation and fractional crystallization in a highly exhausted atm., and obtained a colourless crystalline product. The phosphorus melted under hot water can be readily moulded into any desired shape, and it is commonly moulded into sticks. 

Hutchison R. (2002) Major element fractionation in chondrites by distillation in the accretion disk of a T Tauri Sun Meteoritics 37, 113-124. 

All liquid products from fractionator (density, distillation, element analysis - C, H, S, N)... 

Although distillation and elemental analysis of the fractions provide a good evaluation of the qualities of a crude oil, they are nevertheless insufficient. Indeed, the numerous uses of petroleum demand a detailed molecular analysis. This is true for all distillation fractions, certain crude oils being valued essentially for their light fractions used in motor fuels, others because they make quality lubricating oils and still others because they make excellent base stocks for paving asphalt. 

Industrially, elemental nitrogen is extracted from the air by the fractional distillation of liquid air from which carbon dioxide and water have been removed. The major fractions are nitrogen, b.p. 77 K and oxygen, b.p. 90 K, together with smaller quantities of the noble gases. 

A gaseous element, oxygen forms 21 % of the atmosphere by volume and is obtained by liquefaction and fractional distillation. The atmosphere of Mars contains about 0.15% oxygen. The element and its compounds make up 49.2%, by weight, of the earth s crust. About two thirds of the human body and nine tenths of water is oxygen. 

FIG. 13-41 Comparison of rigorous calcnlations with Gilliland correlation. [Henley and Seader, Eqnilihrinm-Stage Separation Operations in Chemical Engineering, Wiley, New York, 1981 data of Van Winkle and Todd, Chem. Eng., 78(21), 136 (Sept. 20, 1971) data of Gilliland, Elements of Fractional Distillation, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1950 data of Brown and Maiiin, Trans. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng., 35, 679 (1.93.9) ]... 

The calculations are handled similarly to a distillation column. The only new element introduced is qs, the fraction of the component in the lean oil. 

Robinson, C. S., and Gilliland, E. R., Elements of Fractional Distillation, McGraw-Hill, 1950, p. 348. Rice, V. L., Way to Predict Tray Temperatures, Hydr. Proc., August 1984, p. 83. 

It will be recalled that is 100% abundant and is the heaviest stable nuclide of any element (p. 550), but it is essential to use very high purity Bi to prevent unwanted nuclear side-reactions which would contaminate the product Po in particular Sc, Ag, As, Sb and Te must be <0.1 ppm and Fe <10ppm. Polonium can be obtained directly in milligram amounts by fractional vacuum distillation from the metallic bismuth. Alternatively, it can be deposited spontaneously by electrochemical replacement onto the surface of a less electropositive metal... 

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