Electrode dispersed-graphite

Multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) are produced by arc discharge between graphite electrodes but other carbonaceous materials are always formed simultaneously. The main by-product, nanoparticles, can be removed utilizing the difference in oxidation reaction rates between CNTs and nanoparticles [9]. Then, it was reported that CNTs can be aligned by dispersion in a polymer resin matrix [10]. However, the parameters of CNTs are uncontrollable, such as the diameter, length, chirality and so on, at present. Furthermore, although the CNTs are observed like cylinders by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), some reports have pointed out the possibility of non-cylindrical structures and the existence of defects [11-14]. 

The electrochemical promotion of H2 oxidation at room temperature using aqueous alkaline solutions and finely dispersed Pt/graphite electrodes has been already described in section 10.2. Faradaic efficiency, A, values up to 20 and p values up to 5 were obtained. The dispersion of the Pt catalyst was of the order of 50%.12,13... 

When dispersed in a lipid hhn on a surface of a graphite electrode, the FeCu catalysts ate clearly superior to the Fe-only forms in catal5Tic selectivity, stability, and turnover frequency. 

CNT randomly dispersed composites Many soft and rigid composites of carbon nanotubes have been reported [17]. The first carbon-nanotube-modified electrode was made from a carbon-nanotube paste using bromoform as an organic binder (though other binders are currently used for the paste formation, i.e. mineral oil) [105]. In this first application, the electrochemistry of dopamine was proved and a reversible behavior was found to occur at low potentials with rates of electron transfer much faster than those observed for graphite electrodes. Carbon-nanotube paste electrodes share the advantages of the classical carbon paste electrode (CPE) such as the feasibility to incorporate different substances, low background current, chemical inertness and an easy renewal nature [106,107]. The added value with CNTs comes from the enhancement of the electron-transfer reactions due to the already discussed mechanisms. 

Compton et al. [57] proposed the immobilization of CNT on basal plane pyrolitie graphite electrodes using different approaches. One of them was done by dispersing the powder in acetonitrile and then casting the electrode. The solvent was eliminated by evaporation. 

Figure 1. Electrode potential curves obtained from the (intermittent) galvanostatic charge-discharge curves of the carbon-dispersed composite electrodes of (a) Lii. sNiOa, (b) Lii Co02, (c) Li6V20s, (d) Lii+6[Ti5/3Li /3]04, and (e) graphite. Reprinted from (1999), (2001), and (2001), with permission from Elsevier Science.

Partially oxidized graphene flakes (po-Gr) were obtained from graphite electrode by an electrochemical exfoliation method. As-produced po-Gr flakes were dispersed in water with the assistance of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT-PSS).2 4... 

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