Discount factors definition

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In an economic evaluation of a project, it is often necessary to evaluate the present value of funds that will be received at some definite time in the future. The present value (PV) of a future amount can be considered as the present principal at a given rate and compounded to give the actual amount received at a future date. The relationship between the indicated future amount and the present value is determined by a discount factor. Discounting evaluates each year s flow on an equal basis. It does this by means of the discount, or present value factor, and the reciprocal of the compound interest factor (1 -(- i)" with... 

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The usual effect of increasing the acid concentration is reported to be an increase in the (due to increased amounts of the extractable MA3 in the aqueous phase) followed by a decrease in the (due to formation of the extractant-HNC adduct), resulting in a maximum extraction at an acid concentration between 2 and 6 M. However, one study has noted an increase in americium extraction at nitric acid concentrations from 12 to 16 M. These data are not consistent with the usual view of americium distribution dependence on nitric acid and nitrate concentration, and the authors hypothesize that a TBP HN03 adduct, which is a stronger extractant for americium than TBP alone, is formed above 8 M HNO3 and an organic-phase complex of Am(N03)3 (TBP mHNC ) is formed rather than Am(N03)3 nTBP (26). While one may not absolutely discount this possibility, additional factors such as the extraction of HAm(N03) and deviations from ideal activities in such concentrated acid solutions should definitely be considered. 

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