Disaster severity scale

Perhaps the oldest and most widely used instrument is the Pynoos version of the PTSD Reaction Index. This semistructured interview instrument is also useful for making a categorical diagnosis of PTSD and has been used in a variety of studies, including those on natural disasters, criminal assault, and war trauma (Pynoos and Nader, 1987 Pynoos, 1994). It is a 20-item Likert-scale instrument that is straightforward, can be used as a self-report instrument in addition to its use as a structured interview, is time efficient, and provides useful cutoff scores for severity. 

Since the 1950s, China began to develop techniques to produce chlor-dane, and the production capacity and output steadily increased into the 1970s. The annual output of chlordane reached 465 MT in 1974, but chlordane production gradually stopped after 1975 due to faulty techniques and severe occupational harm to workers. However, the productive capacity of chlordane was rebuilt after 1988 because of a serious termite disaster in the south of China and the lack of effective and inexpensive termicides. There have been approximately 20 chlordane producers in China, but all of them were on pilot scale. In 2003, there were nine plants producing chlordane crude oil and emulsifiable solution in China, and six of them reported an output of 450 MT in total. Figure 3.2 shows the annual output of chlordane crude oil in China. It was shown that the output of chlordane was up to 834 MT in 1998, with a capacity of 1480 MT per year. 

The other chemist took a different approach. He did statistical laboratory experiments with dozens of cloth materials. After weeks of research and some very impressive weekly reports, he identified an optimum cloth. When the process went to the plant, the separation was a disaster. The material would not separate in the centrifuge. After several delays and switching cloths, the separation was finally done. The delays put the plant behind schedule and did not do much for the credibility of our group. All of this could probably have been avoided by consulting experienced people prior to the scale-up. 

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