Direct modulations, sensor signals

Sensor measurements are recorded in situ by a battery-powered, eight-channel, miniature digital tape recorder (MDTR) (Oxford Medical Systems Ltd.) with range, 0-1.023 V resolution, 0.1% scan period, 15 s (alternatively 5 s) duration (C120 cassette), 25 h (alternatively 8 h) and data capacity, 6000 scans. Direct (bandwidth 100 Hz) or pulse-width modulated analog signals (range, 120 mV bandwidth, 0-8 Hz and resolution, 1-2 %) can be recorded on the additional three tracks of the same cassette. 

Depending on the control system and components selected, the process variable from the sensors and signals to the actuator control unit is connected either directly or through transducers. Normally, the input and output are adjusted from pneumatic sensors and control units. The signals produced then are transformed into standard electronic values before connecting to the controller s input and output modules,... 

Fig. 3. A proposed signal transduction pathway regarding the external Ca effect on ginsenoside Rb synthesis by P. notoginseng cells. Ca signal changes are triggered by external Ca concentrations. The calcium signatures are decoded by calcium sensors, CaM and CDPK. UGRdGT is possibly modulated by the sensors in a direct or indirect (dashed lines) way. Changes of CDPK activity may result from increased synthesis or posttranslational modification of the enzyme (shown as CDPK ).

Active wheel-speed sensors have been available for years. New features in modem cars to enhance comfort require more information about the behavior of the car. One important piece of information is the rotational direction of the wheels, and hence the direction of the car. The Bosch DFlli was the first sensor to deliver this information, and it was used in the Bosch EHB system in 2001. The sensor transmits this additional information by modulation of the pulse width of the speed signal. The sensor contains three Hall elements two for speed measurement by the difference principle, and a third arranged in such a way that an addi-... 

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