Direct electron transfer, interfacial effects

Brunschwig BS, Sutin N. Directional electron transfer Conformational interconversions and their effects on observed electron transfer rate constants. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989 111 7454—7465. Ruan CY, Lobastov VA, Vigliotti E, Chen S, Zewail AH. Ultrafast electron crystallography of interfacial water. Science 2004 304 80-84. 

Kinetic investigations with semiconductor electrodes have shown that the localisation of holes (trapping of holes) in interfacial bandgap states may compete effectively with direct electron transfer (comprehensive reviews of this work are given in [48, 131, 151, 152]). Trapping of a hole in an interfacial state in the gap can be written as ... 

In label-free or direct immunoassays, antibodies are immobilized on the sensor surface plate and subjected to the binding interaction with the antigen of interest. Upon specific molecular recognition of the ant n by the immobilized capture antibody, there will be changes in the interfacial charge, current, capacitance, impedance, mass, and thickness at the immunosensor surface, which in turn has a direct effect on the electron transfer... 

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