Direct copolymerization groups attachment

In a second step, the gel is fimctionahzed for NA attachment. Common methods for polyacrylamide gel fimctionahzation are based on the treatment of the polymerized support with reagents such as hydrazine or ethylenedi-amine. These treatments generate amine groups in the gel that can react with amine-modified ONDs via glutaraldehyde coupling, or directly with oxidized DNA probes (Fig. 15). Alternatively, the fimctional groups may be introduced by copolymerization reactions (e.g. co-polymerization with N-hydroxysuccinimide acryhc or oxirane acryhc derivatives) [59]. 

Polymerizable Ultraviolet Stabilizers — Miscellaneous Types. In our research on polymerizable ultraviolet stabilizers, we have decided to prepare styrene-type monomers in which the vinyl (or isopropenyl) group is directly attached to the phenyl group of the stabilizer, which might be polymerized similarly to styrene. These monomers can indeed be polymerized and copolymerized successfully with styrene, acrylic and methacrylic acid derivatives with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the radical initiator (12-Ut-). 

In contrast to the above-mentioned monomers, fundamental polar vinyl monomers, whose polar group is directly attached to the olefin moiety, are difficult to be copolymerized with CO. Among many problems associated with metal-catalyzed copolymerization of polar vinyl monomers with CO, the most critical one is the formation of chelate intermediates after the... 

Pd-mediated copolymerization of diazocarbonyl compounds with phenyldiazomethane proceeded, affording poly(substituted methylene)s with phenyl group directly attached on the main chain carbons [44] (Scheme 33). 

A sulfuric acid-functionalized IL covalently supported on a polymer was successfully prepared for the esterification reactions [115], The catalyst was prepared by copolymerization of vinyl benzene, divinylbenzene, and vinyl chloromethyl benzene, followed by covalent attachment of imidazole group, reacted with 1,3-propane sultone, and then treated by sulfuric acid. Compared to the results when using free l-(3-sulfopropyl)-3-H-imidazolium hydrosulfate ([SOjH-PHImJpSOJ) as catalyst directly, those of the polymer-supported IL catalyst showed similar activity. For the esterification reaction of acetic acid and butanol, the yields to butyl acetate were... 

---